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Ottoman Empire

Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire (/ˈɒtəmən/; Ottoman Turkish: دَوْلَتِ عَلِيّهٔ عُثمَانِیّه, Devlet-i Aliyye-i Osmâniyye, Modern Turkish: Osmanlı İmparatorluğu or Osmanlı Devleti), also historically referred to as the Turkish Empire or Turkey, was a Sunni Islamic state founded in 1299 by Oghuz Turks under Osman I in northwestern Anatolia.[7] With conquests in the Balkans by Murad I between 1362 and 1389, the Ottoman sultanate was transformed into a transcontinental empire and claimant to caliphate. The Ottomans overthrew the Byzantine Empire with the 1453 conquest of Constantinople (present-day Istanbul) by Mehmed II.[8][9][10] With Constantinople as its capital and control of lands around the Mediterranean basin, the Ottoman Empire was at the centre of interactions between the Eastern and Western worlds for six centuries. Name[edit] History[edit] Rise (1299–1453)[edit] In the century after the death of Osman I, Ottoman rule began to extend over the Eastern Mediterranean and the Balkans. Law[edit] Related:  The Story of Human Language

Traité d'Andrinople, 1829, Russie Empire Ottoman, Digithèque MJP Traité de paix. Au nom du Dieu Tout-Puissant,Sa Majesté Impériale le très haut et très puissant Empereur et Autocrate de toutes les Russies et Sa Hautesse le très haut et très puissant Empereur des Ottomans, animés d'un égal désir de mettre un terme aux calamités de la guerre et de rétablir sur des bases solides et immuables la paix, l'amitié et la bonne harmonie entre leurs empires, ont résolu d'un commun accord de confier cette oeuvre salutaire aux soins et à la direction de leurs plénipotentiaires respectifs, [noms et titres des plénipotentiaires] lesquels s'étant assemblés en la ville d'Andrinople, après avoir échangé leurs pleins pouvoirs, sont convenus des articles suivans : Article premier. Toute inimitié et tout différend, qui ont subsisté jusqu'à présent entre les deux empires cesseront à dater de ce jour, tant sur terre que sur mer, et il y aura à perpétuité, paix, amitié et bonne intelligence entre S. M. l'Empereur et Padishah de toutes les Russies et S.

Infant mortality rates regressed against number of vaccine doses routinely given: Is there a biochemical or synergistic toxicity? Caliphate In its earliest days, the first caliphate, the Rashidun Caliphate, exhibited elements of direct democracy (shura).[1] It was led, at first, by Muhammad's immediate disciples and family as a continuation of the religious systems he had introduced. The Sunni branch of Islam stipulates that as a head of state, a caliph should be elected by Muslims or their representatives.[2] Followers of Shia Islam, however, believe a caliph should be an Imam chosen by God (Allah) from the Ahl al-Bayt (the "Family of the House", Muhammad's direct descendents). From the end of the Rashidun period until 1924, caliphates, sometimes two at a single time, real and illusory, were ruled by dynasties. The caliphate was "the core leader concept of Sunni Islam, by the consensus of the Muslim majority in the early centuries".[3] History[edit] The caliph was often known as Amir al-Mu'minin (Arabic: أمير المؤمنين‎ "Commander of the Believers"). Rashidun (632–661)[edit] Rashidun Caliphate at its greatest extent

Near East The Near East is a geographical term that roughly encompasses Western Asia. Despite having varying definitions within different academic circles, the term was originally applied to the maximum extent of the Ottoman Empire. The term has fallen into disuse in English and has been replaced by the terms "Middle East" and "West Asia", the former of which may include Egypt, and the latter strictly Southwest Asia including the Transcaucasus. According to the National Geographic Society, the terms Near East and Middle East denote the same territories and are "generally accepted as comprising the countries of the Arabian Peninsula, Cyprus, Egypt, Iraq, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestinian territories, Syria, and Turkey".[1] As of 1997, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations defined the region similarly, but also included Afghanistan.[2] Eastern Question[edit] It now became relevant to define the east of the eastern question. Background[edit] Balkan confusion[edit]

Soliman le Magnifique Soliman Ier (turc ottoman : سلطان سليمان اول (Sultān Suleimān-i evvel) ; turc : I. Süleyman) est probablement né le 6 novembre 1494 à Trébizonde (Trabzon) dans l'actuelle Turquie et mort le 6 septembre 1566 à Szigetvár dans l'actuelle Hongrie. Fils de Sélim Ier Yavuz, il fut le dixième sultan de la dynastie ottomane de 1520 à sa mort en 1566. On le nomme Soliman le Magnifique en Occident et le Législateur en Orient (turc : Kanuni ; arabe : القانوني, al‐Qānūnī) en raison de sa reconstruction complète du système juridique ottoman. En rupture avec les traditions ottomanes, Soliman épousa l'une des filles de son harem, Roxelane, qui devint Hürrem Sultan ; ses intrigues en tant que reine à la cour et son influence sur le sultan assurèrent sa renommée. Jeunesse Soliman est né à Trabzon au bord de la mer Noire, probablement le 6 novembre 1494[1],[Note 1]. Campagnes militaires En Europe Affrontement entre les Ottomans et les Allemands, XVIe siècle. Soliman alors jeune homme Au Moyen-Orient Vie privée

The collapse of American democracy 12 March 2012 One week ago, US Attorney General Eric Holder delivered a speech asserting the right of the president to secretly order the assassination of American citizens. Citing the so-called “war on terror,” he claimed that this never-before-asserted authority was lawful under the president’s war-making powers and was not subject to judicial review. Holder stressed that the president’s power to order extra-judicial killings was part of a range of powers including the abduction of suspected terrorists and their indefinite internment, without trial, either in civilian or military prisons. Having noted that terrorists “reside within our own borders,” he insisted that the government’s authority to use lethal force was “not limited to the battlefields of Afghanistan.” The speech was in response to pressure on the administration to provide a legal rationale for the targeted killing of three US citizens in Yemen last fall. Barry Grey

Likely future picture of global Islam Sunday, September 19, 2010 - Recently, Muammar Gaddafi stated that “There are signs that Allah will grant victory to Islam in Europe without sword, without gun, without conquest. We don’t need terrorists, we don’t need homicide bombers. The 50 plus million Muslims (in Europe) will turn it into the Muslim Continent within a few decades.” Irrespective of his summersaults in global politics, he could be right this time. The picture gets clearer if one looks at various research works on demographic changes of western countries in relation to the Muslim immigration and their fertility rate. As a result of this change; in France 30% of children age 20 years and below are Muslims. Four years ago, a meeting of 24 countries from OIC was held in Chicago. Spread poverty to lethal levels in the third world countries with high percentage of Muslims.

Turkish language Turkish ( Türkçe ), also referred to as Istanbul Turkish,[4] is the most widely spoken of the Turkic languages, with around 10–15 million native speakers in Southeast Europe (mostly in East and Western Thrace) and 60–65 million native speakers in Western Asia (mostly in Anatolia). Outside Turkey, significant smaller groups of speakers exist in Germany, Bulgaria, Macedonia,[5] Northern Cyprus,[6] Greece,[7] the Caucasus, and other parts of Europe and Central Asia. Cyprus has requested that the European Union add Turkish as an official EU language, even though Turkey is not a member state.[8] To the west, the influence of Ottoman Turkish—the variety of the Turkish language that was used as the administrative and literary language of the Ottoman Empire—spread as the Ottoman Empire expanded. The distinctive characteristics of the Turkish language are vowel harmony and extensive agglutination. Classification The Turkic languages were grouped into the now discredited Altaic language group. Topic

Sciences et techniques dans l'Empire ottoman Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre. Cet article reprend les réalisations et évènements marquants dans le domaine des sciences et technologies sous l'Empire ottoman. L'étude des aspects culturels, scientifiques et intellectuels de l'histoire ottomane est un champ de recherche récent. Les premiers travaux menés montrent de nombreux points communs entre la recherche de cette période et la science occidentale moderne. L'approche culturaliste qui critique un certain "dogmatisme oriental" ou une "mentalité islamique" qui aurait pour conséquence un désintérêt pour les travaux de recherche se voit ainsi remise en cause avec l'avancée des études sur ce sujet. C'est en effet sous la domination ottomane que cette aire culturelle retrouve une unité politique, sous l'égide des sultans ottomans. Traductions et recueils[modifier | modifier le code] Géographie[modifier | modifier le code] La carte de Piri Reis fut découverte en 1929 lors de la transformation du palais de Topkapı en musée.

Who are America's Creditors? or, Debt Economics for Beginners Thanks to all of you who read and enjoyed The U.S. National Debt – 233 years in the making. Here, at last is the third article in this series on World Debt – Who are America’s Creditors? Or, debt economics for beginners. Let us fittingly start this article with wise words from one of the founding fathers: "There is in the nature of government an impatience of control that disposes those invested with power to look with an evil eye upon all external attempts to restrain or direct its operations. U.S. As of today’s date (January 27, 2010), the U.S. national debt sits at $12,301,772,321,038.04 according to the U.S. This is broken down into two main categories: Debt Held by the Public $7,784,152,852,860.25 Intragovernmental Holdings $4,517,619,468,177.79 Which tells us very little It won’t tell you who America’s creditors are Back to searching we go. Be sure not to get lost in some of the more strident sites, or lose your perspective in the tons and tons of misinformation out there. That’s right.

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (pronounced [mustäˈfä ceˈmäl äˈtäˌtyɾc]; 19 May 1881 (conventional) – 10 November 1938) was a Turkish army officer, revolutionary, and the first President of Turkey. He is credited with being the founder of the Republic of Turkey. His surname, Atatürk (meaning "Father of the Turks"), was granted to him in 1934 and forbidden to any other person by the Turkish parliament.[1] Atatürk was a military officer during World War I.[2] Following the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I, he led the Turkish National Movement in the Turkish War of Independence. Early life Military career Early years He was proposing depolitization in the army, a proposal which was disliked by the leaders of the CUP. In April 1909 in İstanbul, a group of soldiers began a counter revolution (see 31 March Incident). Italo-Turkish War (1911–1912) Balkan Wars (1912–1913) Main article: Balkan Wars First World War (1914–1918) Main article: World War I Turkish War of Independence (1919–1922) Presidency

Provinces de l'Empire ottoman Les provinces de l'Empire ottoman étaient des divisions territoriales fondées sur l'administration militaire et civile ainsi que les fonctions exécutives. Leur nombre, leur hiérarchie et leurs limites varièrent plusieurs fois au cours des six siècles de l'histoire de cet empire disparu en 1923. Historique[modifier | modifier le code] L'organisation de l'Empire ottoman a évolué au cours de l'histoire[1]: les premières provinces ont été créées à partir du XIVe siècle, leur nombre s'accroissant progressivement au fur et à mesure de l'extension de l'empire. La structure administrative a été refondée au cours des vastes réformes (Tanzimat) de 1864, visant à la modernisation de l'Empire et à faire de l'administration des provinces un relais de l'État plutôt que le cadre des féodalités locales. Hétérogénéité du système[modifier | modifier le code] Période post-Tanzimat[modifier | modifier le code] En Europe[modifier | modifier le code] En Asie[modifier | modifier le code]

Problems Facing Native American Indians in the Modern World The Native American Indian population of the United States faces serious cultural and social dilemmas that threaten their society. Among these issues are the problems of poverty, alienation and a high rate of alcoholism. There is also the threat of a loss of their cultural identity due to interracial marriages and the large number of young Native Americans who are leaving the territories of the Indian Nations and becoming fully integrated into American culture, leaving the old ways of their cultural history behind. The Native Americans once ruled the continent until the arrival of settlers who conquered the old American Indian tribes in wars that came close to genocide for the Indians. The victorious American government put aside some land for the remaining Indians to live on, which have become known as reservations. There was an unwillingness to share the same land with the defeated race. The isolation of the life on the reservations created serious problems for the American Indians.

Western Asia Western Asia, West Asia, Southwestern Asia or Southwest Asia is the westernmost subregion of Asia. The concept is in limited use, as it significantly overlaps with the Middle East (or the Near East), the main difference usually being the exclusion of the majority of Egypt (which would be counted as part of North Africa) and the inclusion of the Caucasus. The term is sometimes used for the purposes of grouping countries in statistics. The total population of Western Asia is an estimated 300 million as of 2015. In an unrelated context, the term is also used in ancient history and archaeology to divide the Fertile Crescent into the "Asiatic" or "Western Asian" cultures as opposed to ancient Egypt. As a geographic concept, Western Asia includes the Levant, Mesopotamia, Anatolia, Iran, the Armenian Highlands, the South Caucasus, the Arabian peninsula as well as the Sinai Peninsula, making Egypt a transcontinental country. History Geography Geology Plate tectonics Water resources Climate Topography

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