Napoleonic code First page of the 1804 original edition The Napoleonic Code ‒ or Code Napoléon (the official name being the Code civil des Français) ‒ is the French civil code established under Napoléon I in 1804. The code forbade privileges based on birth, allowed freedom of religion, and specified that government jobs should go to the most qualified.[1] It was drafted rapidly by a commission of four eminent jurists and entered into force on 21 March 1804.[1] The Code, with its stress on clearly written and accessible law, was a major step in replacing the previous patchwork of feudal laws. Historian Robert Holtman regards it as one of the few documents that have influenced the whole world.[1] History[edit] The categories of the Napoleonic Code were not drawn from earlier French laws, but instead from Justinian's sixth-century codification of Roman law, the Corpus Juris Civilis and, within it, the Institutes.[2] The Institutes divide law into the law of: personsthingsactions. Napoleonic reforms[edit]
Petroleum Data, Reports, Analysis, Surveys See more data › Updated Data Series Survey Forms, Changes & Announcements Petroleum surveys › See more analysis & projections › Upcoming Releases Gasoline and Diesel Fuel Update: 5:00 p.m. See all upcoming ›
Freedom = Criticism of ALL Religions Is a Fundamental Right Depending on where you live, criticisms of religious beliefs could yield a range of consequences ranging from social scorn to outright execution. Are people living in the West free to criticize religion in general, and all religions with equal alacrity? Regrettably, the answer to both questions is a resounding no. Polite society dictates certain rules of conduct, one of which is to avoid criticizing someone's religious views in too "frontal" a manner. Furthermore, whereas the intelligentsia regards some religions as perfectly fair game for criticism, mockery, and scorn, one particular religion is granted much greater protection within the public arena. There is nothing in the American Constitution that protects religious folks from being offended. I repeatedly read Facebook posts on my wall wherein individuals are perfectly willing to acerbically criticize some religions, but bend over backwards to protect one "untouchable" religion. Source for Image:
List of country legal systems Civil law[edit] While the concept of codification dates back to the Code of Hammurabi in Babylon ca. 1790 BC, civil law systems derive from the Roman Empire and, more particularly, the Corpus Juris Civilis issued by the Emperor Justinian ca. AD 529. This was an extensive reform of the law in the Byzantine Empire, bringing it together into codified documents. Scholars of comparative law and economists promoting the legal origins theory usually subdivide civil law into four distinct groups: French civil law: in France, the Benelux countries, Italy, Romania, Spain and former colonies of those countries;German civil law: in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Estonia, Latvia, former Yugoslav republics, Greece, Portugal and its former colonies, Turkey, Japan, and the Republic of China;Scandinavian civil law: in Denmark, Norway and Sweden. Common law[edit] Religious and sharia law[edit] The main kinds of religious law are Sharia in Islam, Halakha in Judaism, and canon law in some Christian groups.
OPEC {*style:<ul>*} {*style:<li>*} {*style:<h3>*}OPEC Secretary General Barkindo pays inaugural visit to IEA{*style:</h3>*} {*style:<br>*}HE Mohammad Sanusi Barkindo, the recently-appointed Secretary General of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), visited Paris on Friday to meet with Dr. Fatih Birol, the International Energy Agency’s Executive Director. {*style:<a href=' more{*style:</a>*} {*style:</li>*} {*style:<li>*} {*style:<h3>*}Iranian President meets with OPEC Secretary General{*style:</h3>*} {*style:<br>*}The Honorable President of the Islamic Republic of Iran, HE Dr. Hassan Rouhani, today met with HE Mohammad Sanusi Barkindo, Secretary General of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) in Tehran.
From Tribalism to World-Citizenship Between the rockets from the Gaza strip and the endless debate about Iran, last week I participated at an event that showed where Israel could be heading—the first Israel Singularity Convention held at the Academic College of Tel Aviv-Jaffa. The inventor and futurist Ray Kurzweil and the space entrepreneur Peter Diamandis founded the Singularity University five years ago at the NASA Base in the Silicon Valley. Its mission is "to assemble, educate and inspire a new generation of leaders who strive to understand and utilize exponentially advancing technologies to address humanity's grand challenges." Research and Development are speeding up at an exponential pace; yesteryear's science fiction becomes tomorrow's reality. As entrepreneur Yanki Margalit, who initiated the convention, said, the cost of mapping the genome was phenomenal in the 1990s—and now you can get your genome mapped for a few hundred dollars. This may sound like a utopia, but it isn't.
Comparative law History[edit] The origins of modern comparative law can be traced back to 18th century Europe, although, prior to that, legal scholars had always practiced comparative methodologies.[1] Montesquieu is generally regarded as an early founding figure of comparative law. Also, in Chapter XI (entitled 'How to compare two different Systems of Laws') of Book XXIX, discussing the French and English systems for punishment of false witnesses, he advises that "to determine which of those systems is most agreeable to reason, we must take them each as a whole and compare them in their entirety." As the civil laws depend on the political institutions, because they are made for the same society, whenever there is a design of adopting the civil law of another nation, it would be proper to examine beforehand whether they have both the same institutions and the same political law. Comparative law in the US was brought by a legal scholar fleeing persecution in Germany, Rudolf Schlesinger. Purpose[edit]
Saudi Arabia by the Numbers The very concept of public opinion in highly secretive Saudi Arabia is almost an oxymoron. Hard data are difficult to come by, and even rarer is information about controversial and strategically critical current issues: views about military action against Iran, corruption and the state of civil liberties within the kingdom, religious extremism and al Qaeda, and donations to other mujahideen. Yet I was able to obtain exactly this kind of data by working with the new Princeton, N.J.-based firm Pechter Middle East Polls and an established regional survey team. The results are eye-opening. A third of the Saudi public would approve a U.S. military strike against Iran's nuclear program, and a fourth is even willing to say it would support an Israeli operation. Most intriguing of all, however, is that none of these hot-button issues ranks very high on the public's agenda compared with economic concerns. Occasionally the transition from one topic to the next can be a bit awkward, but it works.
What Nonbelievers Believe So strong is the concept of God-belief in our culture that the words "believer" and "nonbeliever" are understood as referring to only one thing: belief in a divinity. This can lead to some distorted thinking, such as the idea that "atheists don't believe in anything," a notion echoed even by high-profile politicians who should know better, such as Senator John Kerry . If this is conventional wisdom , it's little wonder that disbelief is often associated, incorrectly, with nihilism and moral breakdown. This is one reason why the modern secular movement has become increasingly assertive in emphasizing what ordinary nonbelievers do believe. As I've interacted with secular individuals from all over the country in recent years - not just the scientists and professors, but the non-academics who are less likely to over-intellectualize - I've found that they disagree on more than they agree. Everything since the Big Bang can be explained naturally Ethics do not require a God Religion is man-made
Canon law Canon law is the body of laws and regulations made by ecclesiastical authority (Church leadership), for the government of a Christian organization or church and its members. It is the internal ecclesiastical law governing the Catholic Church (both Latin Church and Eastern Catholic Churches), the Eastern and Oriental Orthodox churches, and the Anglican Communion of churches.[1] The way that such church law is legislated, interpreted and at times adjudicated varies widely among these three bodies of churches. In all three traditions, a canon was originally a rule adopted by a church council; these canons formed the foundation of canon law. Etymology[edit] Greek kanon / κανών, Arabic Qanon / قانون, Hebrew kaneh / קנה, "straight"; a rule, code, standard, or measure; the root meaning in all these languages is "reed" (cf. the Romance-language ancestors of the English word "cane"). Canons of the Apostles[edit] Catholic Church[edit] History, sources of law, and codifications[edit] Lutheranism[edit]
Hundreds detained in Saudi Arabia over protests {*style:<b> <b> Hundreds detained in Saudi Arabia over protests </b> </b>*} {*style:<b><b> <b> Saudi authorities detained hundreds of demonstrators on Friday in Jeddah who gathered to protest against poor infrastructure after deadly floods swept through Saudi Arabia's second biggest city, police and witnesses said. </b> </b></b>*} {*style:<b><b>- </b> ¿Dios es real o sólo un amigo imaginario? Neurólogos daneses realizan controversial hallazgo Si perteneces al amplio grupo de personas que se definen cristianas, la ciencia tiene una buena y una mala noticia para ti. La buena, es que un equipo de neurólogos de la universidad Aarhus en Dinamarca, pudo demostrar empíricamente cómo el cerebro se “ilumina” al momento de rezar. Esto lo lograron midiendo la actividad cerebral de un grupo de cristianos, identificando 4 áreas comprometidas mientras se comunicaban con Dios. La mala sin embargo, es que el equipo también confirmó que las áreas del cerebro con mayor flujo sanguíneo durante la oración son exactamente las mismas utilizadas al hablar con otra persona. Uffe Schjodt, líder de la investigación, interpretó estos resultados como la evidencia de que el ser humano ha ido evolucionando para adaptarse a los desafíos de su entorno natural. “Curiosamente -acota Schjodt- no encontramos el mismo patrón en personas que no rezan regularmente.
Chinese law Chinese law is one of the oldest legal traditions in the world. In the 20th and 21st century, law in China has been a complex mix of traditional Chinese approaches and Western influences. Law in the People's Republic of China is currently undergoing gradual reform, as many elements inside and outside the country emphasize the need to strengthen the rule of law in China, and international trade and globalization spur transformations in various areas of Chinese domestic law. Chinese legal tradition[edit] A term which preceded fǎ was xíng (刑), which originally probably referred to decapitation. The two major Chinese philosophical schools discussed below, Confucianism and Legalism, strongly influenced the idea of law in China. The imperial period was characterized mainly by the concept of law as serving the state, a means of exerting control over the citizenry. Confucianism and Legalism[edit] Confucianism[edit] Legalism[edit] Comparison[edit] Modernization[edit] Republic of China[edit]
Saudi Oil Production - read Minister Al-Naimi's small print Yesterday the Saudi Arabian oil Minister, Ali Al-Naimi, commented that the days of easy oil are not over, and that there remain at least 88 billion barrels in the Saudi oilfield of Ghawar, let alone the rest of the fields in that country. Well before that sends you out to buy a fleet of Hummers, you might want to take a wee bit closer look at some of the other things that he said, or did not say. For the future is not quite as rosy as his remarks might, at first, make you think. Let’s start with the “days of easy oil are not over.” Last week at the ASPO-USA Conference Michael Klare commented on the amount of money that this will bring to the nations that produce oil much cheaper than the global price (which KSA is happy to keep at around $80 bbl) but to keep that price it relies on the make-up oil that is not “easy” at all. Now let me turn to some of the more worrisome part of what he said. Why is this? Manifa is a heavy, sour (i.e. high sulfur), vanadium contaminated deposit.