Emotion classification Emotion classification, the means by which one emotion is distinguished from another, is a contested issue in emotion research and affective science. The classification of emotions has been researched from two fundamental viewpoints: one, that emotions are discrete and fundamentally different constructs; or two, that emotions can be characterized on a dimensional basis in groupings. Emotions as discrete categories[edit] Basicality Debate[edit] Humans' subjective experience is that emotions are clearly recognizable in ourselves and others. On "basic emotion" accounts, activation of an emotion, such as anger, sadness, or fear, is "triggered" by the brain's appraisal of a stimulus or event with respect to the perceiver's goals or survival. On "constructionist" accounts, the emotion a person feels in response to a stimulus or event is "constructed" from more elemental biological and psychological ingredients. Semantically Distinct Emotions[edit] Dimensional models of emotion[edit]
pain onomatopoeia Pain aaugh Exclaimation of dismay, commonly used, and originaly created by the Peanuts gang by Charles Schulz. Used frequently by Charlie Brown in the following situations: Losing a Baseball game, Having the football pulled away by Lucy, In an embarrassing situation. Also used by other members of the peanuts gang and can be used as a roaring sound to scare someone. 1) Linus: I told her about how you're madly in love with her, Charlie Brown: Aaugh!! keywords dismay pain embarrassment comics argh exclamation expressing pain. there is a webpage dedicated to the many different spellings of aargh on the web. keywords human pain Sound uttered by person choking. keywords disease eat_drink pain awk Sound uttered by a person choking. keywords disease eat_drink pain human animal eeeyouch interjection expressing pain ("Garfield", Jim Davis) keywords pain gak Sound uttered by a person choking. keywords disease pain eat_drink groan keywords human human pain music moan 1. long low inarticulate murmur, 2. ouch ow uggh
Peter Wessel Zapffe Peter Wessel Zapffe (December 18, 1899 – October 12, 1990) was a Norwegian metaphysician, author and mountaineer. He was well known for his somewhat pessimistic view of human existence and his philosophy is considered to be an example of philosophical pessimism,[1] much like the work of the earlier philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer, by whom he was inspired. His thoughts regarding the error of human existence are presented in the essay "The Last Messiah" (original: Den sidste Messias, 1933). This essay is a shorter version of his best-known work, the philosophical treatise On the Tragic (original: Om det tragiske 1941). Contentions[edit] Zapffe's theory is that humans are born with an overdeveloped skill (understanding, self-knowledge) which does not fit into nature's design. In The Last Messiah Zapffe described four principal defense mechanisms that humankind uses to avoid facing this paradox: Zapffe was a prolific mountaineer and took a very early interest in environmentalism. Notes[edit]
Dunning–Kruger effect Cognitive bias about one's own skill The Dunning–Kruger effect is a cognitive bias in which people with limited competence in a particular domain overestimate their abilities. It was first described by Justin Kruger and David Dunning in 1999. Some researchers also include the opposite effect for high performers: their tendency to underestimate their skills. Numerous similar studies have been done. There is disagreement about the causes of the Dunning–Kruger effect. There is also disagreement about where the effect applies and about how strong it is, as well as about its practical consequences. The Dunning–Kruger effect is defined as the tendency of people with low ability in a specific area to give overly positive assessments of this ability. Not knowing the scope of your own ignorance is part of the human condition. David Dunning Some researchers include a metacognitive component in their definition. Measurement, analysis, and investigated tasks [edit] Practical significance
Basic emotions Explanations > Emotions > Basic Emotions List of emotions | So what List of emotions What are the basic emotions? Here is a deeper list of emotions as described in Shaver et al. (2001), where emotions were categorised into a short tree structure. There are also moves to minimize the number of basic emotions. Learn to recognise emotions at increasing levels of detail. See also Plutchik's Ten Postulates Ekman, P. (1972). Ekman, P., Friesen, W. Frijda, N. Gray, J. Izard, C. Jack, R.E., Garrod, O.G.B and Schyns, P.G. James, W. (1884). McDougall, W. (1926). Oatley, K., & Johnson-Laird, P. Ortony, A., & Turner, T. Panksepp, J. (1982). Parrott, W. (2001), Emotions in Social Psychology, Psychology Press, Philadelphia Plutchik, R. (1980). Shaver, P., Schwartz, J., Kirson, D., & O'Connor, C. (2001).
The Search for Basic Emotions Table of Contents Before reading this you might want to explore your own emotions. One way to help a person do this is to study this web page: Understand, Identify Release Your Emotions. It was written by Mary Kurus. When you return to this page you can explore how you might want to classify your emotions. In a very simple way the left brain is very logical and linear and is always trying to figure out how the right brain sees the big picture and has more insight into emotions. Later in this web page, I describe seven basic emotions that seem to cover all the many presented on this web page. Language Confusing Before we start, a word of warning. Emotions have all sorts of words used to describe them. If we are to investigate emotions we have to include the observer. Emotions and feelings stem from two great sources, namely the body (sickness, tired, etc) and other people (love, hate, anger, etc). The Plutchik Model of Emotions Various Lists of Emotions Hunter B. Modern Brain/Mind Maps 1. 1.
150 Resources to Help You Write Better, Faster, and More Persuasively It doesn't matter if you're a student or a professional writer: there's always something new to learn and ways to make your writing more refined, better researched, and more effective. Writing is essential for students who want to succeed, whether they're enrolled in one of the top online colleges or an Ivy League university. As essential as it is, learning to write well isn't easy. The best practices for writing and research can sometimes be subjective, and the finer points of syntax and style often take a backseat to looming deadlines and strict citation guidelines. Luckily, there are many helpful resources that make it easier to build on your existing skills while learning new ones. Blogs These blogs can help you learn more about the profession of writing, brush up your skills, and even see what it takes to get a book published. Copyblogger: On Copyblogger, Brian Clark offers tips on how to improve the content, marketing, and business of a blog. Business and Legal Matters Genres Rhetoric
Phenomenology (science) The term phenomenology in science is used to describe a body of knowledge that relates empirical observations of phenomena to each other, in a way that is consistent with fundamental theory, but is not directly derived from theory. For example, we find the following definition in the Concise Dictionary of Physics: Phenomenological Theory. The name is derived from phenomenon (Greek φαινόμενoν, pl. φαινόμενα - phenomena), which is any occurrence that is observable, and -λογία - -logia, translated as "study of" or "research". Jump up ^ Thewlis, J. (1973).
Ineffability Notable quotations[edit] "Whereof one cannot speak, thereof one must be silent." — Ludwig Wittgenstein "Tao can be told but any definition given is not perpetual; the name can be named but whatever name given is not perpetual." — Chapter One, Tao Te Ching "My life, the most truthful one, is unrecognizable, extremely interior, and there is no single word that gives it meaning." — Clarice Lispector "Moses said to God, 'Suppose I go to the Israelites and say to them, "The God of your fathers has sent me to you," and they ask me, ‘What is his name?’ “Let's think the unthinkable, let's do the undoable. Things said[by whom?] Things said to be essentially incommunicable[edit] Things said to be incomprehensibly incommunicable[edit] Things whose expression are regarded as sacred, or otherwise socially prohibited[edit] The name of a god or gods, in some religions[1]The Tetragrammaton (יהוה, by orthodox Jewish tradition) See also[edit] References[edit]
List of cognitive biases Cognitive biases are systematic patterns of deviation from norm and/or rationality in judgment. They are often studied in psychology, sociology and behavioral economics.[1] Although the reality of most of these biases is confirmed by reproducible research,[2][3] there are often controversies about how to classify these biases or how to explain them.[4] Several theoretical causes are known for some cognitive biases, which provides a classification of biases by their common generative mechanism (such as noisy information-processing[5]). Gerd Gigerenzer has criticized the framing of cognitive biases as errors in judgment, and favors interpreting them as arising from rational deviations from logical thought.[6] Explanations include information-processing rules (i.e., mental shortcuts), called heuristics, that the brain uses to produce decisions or judgments. Although this research overwhelmingly involves human subjects, some studies have found bias in non-human animals as well. [edit]
untitled 10 Writing Tips from the Masters As the world becomes increasingly digital, writing becomes more important. This is especially true for non-writers. If you work in an office, the majority of your communications are made with text by email or IM.Whether you like it or not, your ability to exchange ideas, collaborate with others, and ultimately succeed, hinges on the ability to write effectively.Earlier this week, K. 1. I try to leave out the parts that people skip. Unless you’re writing for personal reasons alone, you need to consider the attention of your readers. Substitute “damn” every time you’re inclined to write “very;” your editor will delete it and the writing will be just as it should be. I used to feel that using words like “really”, “actually”, or “extremely” made writing more forceful. Fill your paper with the breathings of your heart. It’s not hard to realize that unless you’re excited about your writing no one else will be.4. Don’t tell me the moon is shining; show me the glint of light on broken glass.
Metacognition Metacognition is defined as "cognition about cognition", or "knowing about knowing". It comes from the root word "meta", meaning beyond.[1] It can take many forms; it includes knowledge about when and how to use particular strategies for learning or for problem solving.[1] There are generally two components of metacognition: knowledge about cognition, and regulation of cognition.[2] Metamemory, defined as knowing about memory and mnemonic strategies, is an especially important form of metacognition.[3] Differences in metacognitive processing across cultures have not been widely studied, but could provide better outcomes in cross-cultural learning between teachers and students.[4] Some evolutionary psychologists hypothesize that metacognition is used as a survival tool, which would make metacognition the same across cultures.[4] Writings on metacognition can be traced back at least as far as De Anima and the Parva Naturalia of the Greek philosopher Aristotle.[5] Definitions[edit] [edit]