Secretaría de Asuntos Políticos - Departamento para la Cooperación y Observación Electoral Cada año el Secretario General de la OEA publica una Propuesta de Programa Presupuesto para el siguiente año calendario. La Asamblea General de la OEA se reúne en Sesión Extraordinaria y aprueba el Programa Presupuesto. Encuentre aquí esos documentos desde 1998 a 2013. Cada año en abril la Junta de Auditores Externos publica un informe con los resultados financieros del año anterior. Encuentre aquí los informes de los años 1996-2013. Aproximadamente seis semanas después del final de cada trimestre, la OEA publica un Informe Trimestral sobre Gestión de Recursos y Desempeño, que desde 2013 incluye informes sobre resultados programáticos. Aquí encontrará datos de Recursos Humanos de la OEA, incluyendo la estructura organizacional y el personal de cada unidad organizacional, puestos vacantes y contratos por resultados. La OEA ejecuta una variedad de proyectos que son financiados por donantes. <div class="noscript-message"><p>It looks like JavaScript is either disabled or turned off.
Democracy ICPD is supporting research conducted by MSS Research (India) to identify the factors responsible for the emergence of democratic governance in Western Europe over the past five hundred years and to correlate the development process in politics with parallel advances in peace, economics, education, social organization and technology. For a complete list of research papers, please see www.mssresearch.org. Social Origins of Democracy Over the past two decades, a democratic revolution has been sweeping the world, starting in Latin America, then spreading through Eastern Europe and most recently across Africa. According to the research organization Freedom House, 117 of the world’s 191 countries are considered democratic. This is a vast increase from even a decade ago. Inspite of its enormous contribution to social development, the process responsible for the emergence and successful adaptation of democratic institutions in society is not yet well understood. Historical Origins of Democracy
Oligarchy Form of power structure in which power rests with a small number of people Throughout history, oligarchies have often been tyrannical, relying on public obedience or oppression to exist. Aristotle pioneered the use of the term as meaning rule by the rich,[4] for which another term commonly used today is plutocracy. Minority rule[edit] The exclusive consolidation of power by a dominant religious or ethnic minority has also been described as a form of oligarchy.[8] Examples of this system include South Africa under apartheid, Liberia under Americo-Liberians, the Sultanate of Zanzibar, and Rhodesia, where the installation of oligarchic rule by the descendants of foreign settlers was primarily regarded as a legacy of various forms of colonialism.[8] Putative oligarchies[edit] A business group might be defined as an oligarch if it satisfies the following conditions: Russian Federation[edit] Ukraine[edit] Zimbabwe[edit] United States[edit] See also[edit] References[edit] Further reading[edit]
Tyrant Absolute ruler unrestrained by law or constitution A tyrant (from Ancient Greek τύραννος, túrannos), in the modern English-language usage of the word, is an absolute ruler unrestrained by law, or one who has usurped legitimate sovereignty. Often portrayed as cruel, tyrants may defend their position by oppressive means.[1][2] The original Greek term meant an absolute sovereign who came to power without constitutional right,[3] yet the word had a neutral connotation during the Archaic and early Classical periods.[4] However, Greek philosopher Plato saw tyrannos as a negative word, and on account of the decisive influence of philosophy on politics, its negative connotations only increased, continuing into the Hellenistic period. One can apply accusations of tyranny to a variety of types of government: to government by one individual (in an autocracy)to government by a minority (in an oligarchy, tyranny of the minority)to government by a majority (in a democracy, tyranny of the majority)
prensa 20/11/2012 - Cualquier ponderación que resulte, con relación al estado de la democracia panameña pasa por definir y delimitar previamente su concepto, los límites y sus fines. A propósito de lo que representa y significa convivir dentro de un régimen democrático, ya que no basta la mera retórica, que explica que la democracia representa un sistema en el que el poder emana del pueblo, pues ese reduccionismo dogmático y hasta funcional, permite que la gran mayoría de los componentes que conforman nuestra sociedad, mantengan serias dudas en cuanto al verdadero alcance de los artículos 1 y 2 de la Constitución Política de Panamá. Precisamente, la ciencia política ha permitido una profunda dialéctica sobre el tema, lo que inicialmente conlleva aceptar la existencia de un enfoque constitucional de la democracia, mismo que guarda relación con las leyes que aprueba un régimen en todo lo relativo a la actividad política.
Democracy Democracy and respect for human rights have long been central components of U.S. foreign policy. Supporting democracy not only promotes such fundamental American values as religious freedom and worker rights, but also helps create a more secure, stable, and prosperous global arena in which the United States can advance its national interests. In addition, democracy is the one national interest that helps to secure all the others. Democratically governed nations are more likely to secure the peace, deter aggression, expand open markets, promote economic development, protect American citizens, combat international terrorism and crime, uphold human and worker rights, avoid humanitarian crises and refugee flows, improve the global environment, and protect human health. With these goals in mind, the United States seeks to: The Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (DRL) is committed to supporting and promoting democracy programs throughout the world.
Timocracy Timocracy and property[edit] Solon introduced the ideas of timokratia as a graded oligarchy in his Solonian Constitution for Athens in the early 6th century BC. His was the first known deliberately implemented form of timocracy, allocating political rights and economic responsibility depending on membership of one of four tiers of the population. Pentacosiomedimni – "Men of the 500 bushel", those who produced 500 bushels of produce per year, could serve as generals in the armyHippeis – Knights, those who could equip themselves and one cavalry horse for war, valued at 300 bushels per yearZeugitae – Tillers, owners of at least one pair of beasts of burden, valued at 200 bushels per year, could serve as HoplitesThetes – Manual laborers N. Aristotle later wrote in his Nicomachean Ethics (Book 8, Chapter 10) about three "true political forms" for a state, each of which could appear in corrupt form, becoming one of three negative forms. References[edit] 3.
Aristocracy Aristocracy (Greek ἀριστοκρατία aristokratía, from ἄριστος aristos 'excellent', and κράτος, kratos 'rule') is a form of government that places strength in the hands of a small, privileged ruling class.[1] The term derives from the Greek aristokratia, meaning 'rule of the best'.[2] In practice, aristocracy often leads to hereditary government, after which the hereditary monarch appoints officers as they see fit. However, the term was first used by ancient Greeks such as Aristotle and Plato, who used it to describe a system where only the best of the citizens, chosen through a careful process of selection, would become rulers, and hereditary rule would actually have been forbidden, unless the rulers' children performed best and were better endowed with the attributes that make a person fit to rule compared with every other citizen in the polity.[3][4][5] Hereditary rule is more related to Oligarchy, a corrupted form of Aristocracy where there is rule by a few, but not by the best.
prensa El ´Informe Estado de la Región 2013´ destaca un descenso en la estabilidad democrática y que la corrupción en el poder está en números rojos. 04/11/2013 - El último Informe Estado de la Región refleja un descenso en la calidad de la democracia en Panamá, especialmente en los temas de voz y rendición de cuentas. Este documento, que se basa en informes nacionales e internacionales, entre ellos los indicadores de gobernanza del Banco Mundial y el Informe de Desarrollo Humano del Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD), detalla que en este renglón el país ha marcado un descenso sostenido desde el año 2009 cuando se tuvo un índice de 0.59, a la actualidad que bajó a 0.45. Esto dentro de una escala que varía entre -2.5 y 2.5 (un desempeño pobre y un adecuado desarrollo, respectivamente) en el respeto y ejercicio de estas libertades y derechos fundamentales consagrados en la Constitución. Estabilidad política índice de Corrupción
Language Packs For Lingoes The installation filename extension of appendix tool in Lingoes is .laf, there are 2 ways to install it: Click Appendix on the main menu, the appendix management window will pop up, then click install button, the installation will start. Or, double click the .laf file, and it will start automatically. Lingoes provides a tool to manage an appendix and make a new appendix, so you can desige one yourself. How to use it? To select appendix on main menu of Lingoes, the appendices options window will pop up. To make a new appendix in 3 ways: first all, you have to create a new appendix project, then edit the project files and design it as your idea. Step 1. fill an appendix name, make an exclusivea name with 26 latin letters as the appendix name. Step 2. Step 3. inished the design, fill in the path of folder which project locate in, and click "Compile", the installation file will be made. Share your great work with millions of Lingoes' worldwide users
Allegory of the cave Allegory by Plato In the allegory "The Cave," Plato describes a group of people who have lived chained to the wall of a cave all their lives, facing a blank wall. The people watch shadows projected on the wall from objects passing in front of a fire behind them and give names to these shadows. The shadows are the prisoners' reality, but are not accurate representations of the real world. The shadows represent the fragment of reality that we can normally perceive through our senses, while the objects under the sun represent the true forms of objects that we can only perceive through reason. Three higher levels exist: the natural sciences; mathematics, geometry, and deductive logic; and the theory of forms. Socrates explains how the philosopher is like a prisoner who is freed from the cave and comes to understand that the shadows on the wall are actually not the direct source of the images seen. Summary[edit] Allegory of the cave. Imprisonment in the cave[edit] Departure from the cave[edit]
Sparta City-state in ancient Greece Coordinates: Sparta was unique in ancient Greece for its social system and constitution, which were supposedly introduced by the semi-mythical legislator Lycurgus. His laws configured the Spartan society to maximize military proficiency at all costs, focusing all social institutions on military training and physical development. The inhabitants of Sparta were stratified as Spartiates (Spartan citizens with full rights), mothakes (non-Spartan free men raised as Spartans), perioikoi (free residents engaged in commerce), and helots (state-owned serfs, enslaved non-Spartan locals). Sparta was frequently a subject of fascination in its own day, as well as in Western culture following the revival of classical learning. Sparta had a double effect on Greek thought: through the reality, and through the myth.... Names The residents of Sparta were often called Lacedaemonians. Lakedaimona was until 2006 the name of a province in the modern Greek prefecture of Laconia.
Dialectic Discourse method for resolving disagreement by reasoned argument Dialectic (Greek: διαλεκτική, dialektikḗ; related to dialogue; German: Dialektik), also known as the dialectical method, is a discourse between two or more people holding different points of view about a subject but wishing to establish the truth through reasoned argumentation. Dialectic resembles debate, but the concept excludes subjective elements such as emotional appeal and the modern pejorative sense of rhetoric.[1][2] Dialectic may thus be contrasted with both the eristic, which refers to argument that aims to successfully dispute another's argument (rather than searching for truth), and the didactic method, wherein one side of the conversation teaches the other. Dialectic is alternatively known as minor logic, as opposed to major logic or critique. Within Hegelianism, the word dialectic has the specialised meaning of a contradiction between ideas that serves as the determining factor in their relationship.
Quadrivium Liberal arts of astronomy, arithmetic, music and geometry The quadrivium consisted of arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy. These followed the preparatory work of the trivium, consisting of grammar, logic, and rhetoric. Origins[edit] The Pythagoreans considered all mathematical science to be divided into four parts: one half they marked off as concerned with quantity, the other half with magnitude; and each of these they posited as twofold. Medieval usage[edit] Woman teaching geometry. At many medieval universities, this would have been the course leading to the degree of Master of Arts (after the BA). The study was eclectic, approaching the philosophical objectives sought by considering it from each aspect of the quadrivium within the general structure demonstrated by Proclus (AD 412–485), namely arithmetic and music on the one hand[9] and geometry and cosmology on the other.[10] Modern usage[edit] See also[edit] References[edit] ^ Kohler, Kaufmann.