background preloader

Biology

Biology
History The objects of our research will be the different forms and manifestations of life, the conditions and laws under which these phenomena occur, and the causes through which they have been effected. The science that concerns itself with these objects we will indicate by the name biology [Biologie] or the doctrine of life [Lebenslehre]. Although modern biology is a relatively recent development, sciences related to and included within it have been studied since ancient times. Scholars of the medieval Islamic world who wrote on biology included al-Jahiz (781–869), Al-Dinawari (828–896), who wrote on botany,[8] and Rhazes (865–925) who wrote on anatomy and physiology. Biology began to quickly develop and grow with Anton van Leeuwenhoek's dramatic improvement of the microscope. The discovery of the physical representation of heredity came along with evolutionary principles and population genetics. Foundations of modern biology Cell theory Main article: Cell theory Evolution Genetics

HOME Organism Life is a characteristic distinguishing objects having signaling and self-sustaining processes from those that do not,[1][2] either because such functions have ceased (death), or because they lack such functions and are classified as inanimate.[3][4] Biology is science concerned with the study of life. Though life is confirmed only on the Earth, many think that extraterrestrial life is not only plausible, but probable or inevitable.[15][16] Other planets and moons in the Solar System have been examined for evidence of having once supported simple life, and projects such as SETI have attempted to detect radio transmissions from possible alien civilizations. According to the panspermia hypothesis, microscopic life exists throughout the Universe, and is distributed by meteoroids, asteroids and planetoids.[17] Early theories Materialism Herds of zebra and impala gathering on the Maasai Mara plain Democritus (460 BC) thought that the essential characteristic of life is having a soul (psyche).

English language English is a West Germanic language that was first spoken in early medieval England and is now a global lingua franca.[5][6] It is an official language of almost 60 sovereign states and the most commonly spoken language in sovereign states including the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, Australia, Ireland, New Zealand and a number of Caribbean nations. It is the third-most-common native language in the world, after Mandarin and Spanish.[7] It is widely learned as a second language and is an official language of the European Union and of the United Nations, as well as of many world organisations. English arose in the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England and what is now southeast Scotland. The Norman conquest of England in the 11th century gave rise to heavy borrowings from Norman French: thus a layer of elaborate vocabulary, particularly in the field of governance, and some Romance-language spelling conventions[17][18] were added to what had by then become Middle English. Etymology

Форум журнала «НАУКА И ЖИЗНЬ» Так утверждение и не категорично. Исследуется фундаментальная физика, а она ключ к разгадке всех тайн Вселенной, иначе мы не поймем, возможны ли мультивселенные, что происходило в первые доли секунды большого взрыва, что такое пространство, время, материя ... Вот, вчера сохранила слайд из презентации с этого сайта. Imitation of Life Can a computer program reproduce everything that happens inside a living cell? Brian Hayes Almost 30 years ago, Harold J. Morowitz, who was then at Yale, set forth a bold plan for molecular biology. Alternatively, this much DNA will code for about 600 proteins—which suggests that the logic of life can be written in 600 steps. There was one more intriguing element to Morowitz’s plan: At 600 steps, a computer model is feasible, and every experiment that can be carried out in the laboratory can also be carried out on the computer. Looking back on these proposals from the modern era of industrial-scale genomics and proteomics, there’s no doubt that Morowitz was right about the feasibility of collecting sequence data. As it happens, a computer program with exactly that goal was published last summer by Markus W. Bacteria of the genus Mycoplasma are attractive for experiments of this kind because they are the smallest and arguably the simplest self-replicating organisms.

323,899,142 occurrence records from 370 data publishers - GBIF Portal Try out the new GBIF portal! Why not try out the new GBIF portal at www.gbif.org, which has many more features and includes lots of information about the GBIF community, including great examples of data uses in research and interesting applications? The old GBIF data portal which you are viewing now will continue to be supported until we are satisfied it can be taken down without causing major inconvenience. Welcome to the (former) GBIF Data Portal Access 416,242,316 data records (363,215,360 with coordinates) shared via the GBIF network. Explore Species Find data for a species or other group of organisms. Species Information on species and other groups of plants, animals, fungi and micro-organisms, including species occurrence records, as well as classifications and scientific and common names. Example species: Puma concolor (Linnaeus, 1771) Explore Countries Find data on the species recorded in a particular country, territory or island. Countries See data for: France

Ecology Ecology is an interdisciplinary field that includes biology and Earth science. The word "ecology" ("Ökologie") was coined in 1866 by the German scientist Ernst Haeckel (1834–1919). Ancient Greek philosophers such as Hippocrates and Aristotle laid the foundations of ecology in their studies on natural history. Modern ecology transformed into a more rigorous science in the late 19th century. Ecology is a human science as well. Integrative levels, scope, and scale of organization[edit] Hierarchical ecology[edit] System behaviors must first be arrayed into different levels of organization. O'Neill et al. (1986)[5]:76 The scale of ecological dynamics can operate like a closed system, such as aphids migrating on a single tree, while at the same time remain open with regard to broader scale influences, such as atmosphere or climate. Biodiversity[edit] Biodiversity refers to the variety of life and its processes. Noss & Carpenter (1994)[9]:5 Habitat[edit] Biodiversity of a coral reef. Niche[edit]

Social studies Social studies is the "integrated study of the social sciences and humanities to promote civic competence," as defined by the U.S. American National Council for the Social Studies.[1] Social studies is most commonly recognized as the name of a course or set of courses taught in primary and secondary schools or elementary, middle, and secondary schools, but may also refer to the study of aspects of human society at certain post-secondary and tertiary schools around the globe. Many such courses are interdisciplinary and draw upon various fields, including sociology but also political science, history, economics, religious studies, geography, psychology, anthropology, and civics. At the elementary school level, social studies generally focuses first on the local community and family. By middle and high school, the social studies curriculum becomes more discipline-based and content-specific. References[edit] Further reading[edit]

dinararabbit - Все о снежинках. Странная звёздочка С неба упала, Мне на ладошку легла - И пропала... Почему шестигранник? Все дело в ориентации молекул в кристаллической решетке льда и расположении свободных водородных связей, которое способствует образованию ровных граней. Представьте себе игру в тетрис: установить гладкий кубик на гладкую же поверхность несколько труднее, чем заполнить образовавшуюся в ровной линии брешь. В первом случае приходится выбирать, продумывать стратегию на будущее. А во втором и так все ясно. Такие призмы падают с неба при сравнительно небольшой влажности воздуха в самых разных температурных условиях. Рано или поздно на гранях появляются неровности. Как снимать снежинки? Из дневника фотографа: Правильные и красивые снежинки выпадают редко, я наблюдал их всего несколько раз за зиму и ограниченное время. похожи на манную крупу. А вот такие снежинки можно сделать своими руками: Фото снежинок можно скачать ТУТочки. Материалы взяты из журнала «Популярная механика» №1, 2008

Neil deGrasse Tyson Believes In GMOs Welcome to ZipcodeZoo

Related: