Asia. Europe. North America. 10 Transitional Ancestors of Human Evolution. Humans The evolution from our closest non-human ancestor to present day humans is one with many transitions. Some of these transitions are widely agreed upon by the scientific community while others are shrouded in frustrating darkness. Below are the ten species that have added the most to our lineage, some adding seemingly simple advances like walking on two legs and chewing food differently to mastering fire and dominating every other species on Earth. Sahelanthropus tchadensis 6-7 mya The beginnings of our lineage away from the Great Apes really start with the separation from chimpanzees, our closest non-hominin relative.
Kenyanthropus platyops 3.5 mya Found at Lake Turkana, Kenya in 1999, K. platyops changed the way paleoanthropologists viewed our ancestral tree. Australopithecus afarensis 3.0-3.9 mya In 1974 at Hadar, Ethiopia researchers discovered about 40% of a skeleton came to be known as “Lucy.” Paranthropus boisei 1.4-2.3 mya Homo habilis 1.6-2.5 mya Homo ergaster 1.5-1.8 mya Homo erectus. A History of Freedom of Thought. Return to History page Project Gutenberg's A History of Freedom of Thought, by John Bagnell Bury This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.net Title: A History of Freedom of Thought Author: John Bagnell Bury Release Date: January 11, 2004 [EBook #10684] Language: English Character set encoding: UTF-8 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A HISTORY OF FREEDOM OF THOUGHT *** Produced by Jeffrey Kraus-yao.
No. 69 Editors: Prof. GILBERT MURRAY, Litt.D., LL.D., F.B.A. Prof. Prof. Copyright, 1913, by IT is a common saying that thought is free. At present, in the most civilized countries, freedom of speech is taken as a matter of course and seems a perfectly simple thing. The average brain is naturally lazy and tends to take the line of least resistance.
Women in the 17th Century. In the 17th century the professions (lawyer, doctor) were closed to women. However some women had jobs. Some of them worked spinning cloth. Women were also tailoreses, milliners, dyers, shoemakers and embroiderers. There were also washerwomen. Some women worked in food preparation such as brewers, bakers or confectioners. Women also sold foodstuffs in the streets. However most women were housewives and they were kept very busy. In the 17th century most households in the countryside were largely self-sufficient. A farmer's wife also milked cows, fed animals and grew herbs and vegetables. The 17th century housewife was also supposed to have some knowledge of medicine and be able to treat her family's illnesses.
In the 17th century poor and middle class wives were kept very busy but rich women were not idle either. In the 16th century some upper class women were highly educated. In the 17th century most women were wives and mothers. Life in the 17th Century England in the 17th Century Home. A History of Baths and Showers. Most Tudors cared about their appearance. People carried mirrors made of glass or steel. They also carried combs and used tweezers, ear scoops and bone manicure sets. In the Summer people sometimes had a bath in the local river.
Sometimes they heated a cauldron of water and had a strip wash. Or they could have a 'dry wash' by rubbing themselves with clean linen. In the 16th century bathrooms were very rare but Henry VIII had a bathroom in Hampton Court Palace. In the 17th century people used toothpicks but in the latter part of the century toothbrushes were introduced. In the mid 19th century middle class homes began to have bathrooms. From about 1800 portable metal bathtubs gradually replaced wooden ones and in the 19th century some people used hand-pumped showers. In the 19th century toothpaste was sold in jars until 1892 when Washington Sheffield invented the collapsible toothpaste tube. The first safety razors for men were sold in 1901. A brief history of Cosmetics Home. A History of Surgery. By Tim Lambert Ancient Surgery In the stone age some adults had holes cut in their skulls. At least sometimes people survived the 'operation' because the bone grew back.
We do not know the purpose of the 'operation'. Perhaps it was performed on people with head injuries to release pressure on the brain. The Egyptians did have some knowledge of anatomy from making mummies. To embalm a dead body they first removed the principal organs, which would otherwise rot. However Egyptian surgery was limited to such things as treating wounds and broken bones and dealing with boils and abscesses. They also knew that honey helped to prevent wounds becoming infected. The Ancient Greeks bathed wounds with wine. In the Roman Empire techniques of surgery were dominated by the ideas of Galen. Unfortunately Galen was a very influential writer. After the fall of the Roman Empire in the West surgery, along with other crafts, declined in Western Europe.
Meanwhile in India surgeons were highly skilled. Home. A Brief History of Medicine. During the 18th century medicine made slow progress. Doctors still did not know what caused disease. Some continued to believe in the four humors (although this theory declined during the 18th century). Other doctors thought disease was caused by 'miasmas' (odorless gases in the air). However surgery did make some progress. The famous 18th century surgeon John Hunter (1728-1793) is sometimes called the Father of Modern Surgery. He invented new procedures such as tracheotomy. Furthermore during the 18th century a number of hospitals were founded. In the late 18th century and early 19th century dispensaries were founded in many towns. In the 18th century many sailors suffered from scurvy (vitamin c deficiency).
In 1792 Luigi Galvani discovered that frogs legs twitch if given an electric shock, showing that electricity plays a part in the nervous system. A major scourge of the 18th century was smallpox. During the 18th century superstition declined. Antibiotics were discovered too. Home. Life In The 18th century. By Tim Lambert Society in 18th Century Britain In the late 18th century life the industrial revolution began to transform life in Britain. Until then most people lived in the countryside and made their living from farming. By the mid 19th century most people in Britain lived in towns and made their living from mining or manufacturing industries. From 1712 a man named Thomas Newcomen (1663-1729) made primitive steam engines for pumping water from mines. In 1769 James Watt (1736-1819) patented a more efficient steam engine. Meanwhile during the 1700s Britain built up a great overseas empire. Owning land was the main form of wealth in the 18th century.
Below them were the great mass of the population, craftsmen and laborers. In the early 18th century England suffered from gin drinking. At the end of the 1700s a group of Evangelical Christians called the Clapham Sect were formed. The history of English society Population in 18th Century Britain Towns in 18th Century England Clothes in the 1700s. Life In The 17th Century. By Tim Lambert SOCIETY IN 17th CENTURY ENGLAND During the 17th century the population of England and Wales grew steadily. It was about 4 million in 1600 and it grew to about 5 1/2 million by 1700. During the 17th century England became steadily richer. Trade and commerce grew and grew. By the late 17th century trade was an increasingly important part of the English economy. During the 1600s the status of merchants improved.
At the top of 17th century society were the nobility. For the upper class and the middle class life grew more comfortable but for the poor life changed little At the end of the 17th century a writer estimated that half the population could afford to eat meat every day. By an act of 1601 overseers of the poor were appointed by each parish. On a more cheerful note in the 17th century in many towns wealthy people left money in their wills to provide almshouses where the poor could live. A history of English society In 1600 Westminster was separate from London. Home. Constitution 101: The Meaning and History of the U.S. Constitution - Hillsdale College. War of 1812. Native_american_map.jpg from emersonkent.com - StumbleUpon. Medieval Demographics. The Domesday Book Penned by Brandon Blackmoor, based on Medieval Demographics Made Easy by S.
John Ross Here is subscribed the inquisition of lands as the barons of the king have made inquiry into them... <p>Forsooth, thy browser is truly antiquated! Thou canst not access this web site with a browser such as thine. Thou must enableth thy JavaScript or upgradeth thy browser if thou wisheth to partake of the wonders herein.
Otherwise, thy efforts here shall amounteth to naught, and thy time shall be wasted, like fine beer on a politican's tongue. Land Mass The population density of , due to factors such as climate, geography, and political environment, is persons per km2 . occupies km2 ( hexes, each km across and roughly km2 in area). Population 's population is approximately persons. residents are isolated or itinerant. residents live in villages. residents live in towns. residents live in cities. residents live in big cities. The average distance between villages is km. Supports Universities. Lincoln-Related Publications at Making of America.
Civil War Image Map/Battle Maps. History - Ancient History in depth: The Story of Carbon Dating. History/Social Studies. Medieval Stained Glass Science. Physics of Stone Arches. Medieval Architecture | Real Virtual | Columbia University in the City of New York. HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE. KS3 Bitesize History - The Middle Ages. A Medieval Mystery. This lesson is suitable for KS3 History Unit 19: 'How and why did the Holocaust happen? ' and could also be used to support Citizenship at KS3 Unit 4: 'Britain - a diverse society? '. The cartoon depicts the profoundly negative way in which Jews were viewed in 13th century England. Their situation did not improve. In 1290 King Edward I expelled every Jew from England, the first time this had happened anywhere in Europe. There are a number of figures in the cartoon that we can identify: Isaac fil Jurnet Isaac fil Jurnet was one of the richest Jews in England and certainly the richest Jew in Norwich, where he and his family had lived for a number of generations.
Isaac was the chief money-lender to the Abbot and monks of Westminster. Isaac is pictured with a triple beard to associate him with the devil and suggest sexual excess. Mosse Mokke Mosse Mokke worked for Isaac, collecting the money owed to him. Abigail The Devils Finally, there is a reference to a devil named Mammon. Medieval Games and Recreation. Exhibits Collection -- The Middle Ages. History: Vikings. Domesday Book | Discover Domesday. The Middle Ages. The Middle Ages | Feudalism. Stle Builder. Image Copyright 1995 by Educational Management Group, Inc. During the Medieval era of history, life was lived by a very different set of political, economic, and social rules.
The only form of government was a Monarchy where the king or queen ruled by "divine right. " "Divine right" simply meant that God appointed the king or queen to rule with absolute power. The main economic system was Feudalism in which the king appointed a baron or knight to oversee a portion of his land in return for loyalty and protection in case of invasion. The baron or knight would oversee the serfs who labored on the land in return for protection given by the baron or knight. You are a Medieval Castle Builder living in Wales in the year 1076.
The Baron wants his castle to not only be beautiful, but also the strongest castle of defense ever built. Before you can begin the castle design, you must first become familiar with the Welsh people who are going to inhabit this castle. Step 1 - Daily Life Teacher Notes. Secrets of Lost Empires | Medieval Siege. Welcome to the companion Web site to the NOVA program "Medieval Siege," scheduled for broadcast on January 24, 2006.
In the film, which is a part of the NOVA series Secrets of Lost Empires, a team of timber framers and other specialists design, build, and fire a pair of trebuchets, a devastating engine of war popular in the Middle Ages. Here's what you'll find online: Medieval Arms Race The trebuchet was only the most frightening of the weapons early European warriors employed in siege warfare. They also relied on battering rams, siege towers, tunnels - anything to gain access to a castle. Defenders, meanwhile, had a few tricks of their own. NOVA Builds a Trebuchet Follow a slide show that documents NOVA's successful attempt to build and shoot a giant trebuchet, the most destructive war machine that ever laid siege to a medieval castle. Medieval Arms Race | NOVA Builds a Trebuchet | Life in a Castle Destroy the Castle | Resources | Transcript © | created January 2000.
Magna Carta: Cornerstone of the U.S. Constitution. At the death of his brother, Richard the Lionhearted, John assumed the throne of England, intent on exercising power to achieve his own selfish ends. To fund military campaigns in France, he extracted exorbitant fees from nobles, who, in turn, raised the rents imposed on their tenants. At the same time, John reduced the lords' customary powers over those tenants, restricting, for example, their power to hold court for those living on their feudal lands. He attempted to influence church elections and confiscated church properties, alienating the powerful ecclesiastical establishment and depriving the poor of the only source of relief available to paupers.
He restricted trading privileges traditionally granted to London's merchants and increased their taxes, alienating this constituency as well. King John's tyrannical practices extended to demanding sexual favors from the wives and daughters of his barons and to imposing brutal punishments on individuals who challenged his authority. The Middle Ages | The Crusades. World History Maps & Timelines | GeaCron. Science Timeline Marks in the evolution of science. A History of the World - Location - Europe. Timelines. ChronoZoom. ChronoZoom is an educational tool for teachers and students who want to put historical events in perspective. A great many resources have been created already in ChronoZoom for your enjoyment and enlightenment.
Start Exploring Use ChronoZoom to get a perspective of the extensive scale of time and historical events relative to what happened around the world. Become an author yourself! Simply log on with your social networking credentials to record your unique perspective or tell a story that needs to be told. New Teacher Resources RT @MSFTResearch: See how #Chronozoom helps students “think historically” & travel though time with 3 newly created curriculum modules http… #chronozoom is a valuable tool for illustrating Climate Change: @metanexus Anyone can author their small or Big History on the 14 Billion year timeline at - an open source project. @BillGates Congratulations to the Big History Project. You don't have any favorite timelines yet. World History. Welcome - The Flow of History.
TimeMaps - World History TimeMap. Annenberg Media Exhibits: Collapse. Hundreds of years ago in what is now modern Honduras, Copán was a thriving civilization, a center of the cultural life of the Maya. Tens of thousands of people made their home in the Copán Valley. Yet despite its importance, Copán went into decline. Across the vast territory of the ancient Maya, other important sites were sharing a similar fate. Classic Maya civilization was collapsing. Why did this great civilization fall? Can combine with external causes (such as war or natural disaster) to bring about a collapse. Join us as we explore the collapse of four ancient civilizations. Ready to get started?
"Collapse" is inspired by programs from Out of the Past, a video series from Annenberg Media. History: Ancient History in-depth. Livius. Articles on Ancient History. Map Collections. Interactive History. History. Ancient Maps Cover Page. History. Military Technology.
World History Timeline Civilization: Ancient China. History. History. Timeline. Ancient History. 100 Years of Conflict. Ancient World Cultures. World Culture. World Culture. World War I Timeline. World War II and the Holocaust. Medieval City Careers. Myths About the Middle Ages. Maps of Native American Tribes and Reservations. Native Americans. Native American Code. Secrets of Lost Empires | Roman Bath | Construct an Aqueduct. A History of Ancient Rome. Best Ancient Egypt Maps ~ Ancient Egypt Facts. Qin Dynasty, Qin Dynasty History, History of Ancient China. Ancient China Life History Facts:Dynasties,Discoveries,Religions,Crossbow,Sports,Chopsticks. Ancient China - The Ancient Chinese Civilization. History - Ancient Worlds | Greek Mythology: Constellation Myths. Primary History - Romans. Ancient India - The British Museum.
Making an Ancient Egyptian Mummy. Discover the Egyptians. Ancient Tombs. Religion in the Middle Ages.