Conflict of interest - Objectivity - Independence. The presence of a conflict of interest is independent of the occurrence of impropriety.
Therefore, a conflict of interest can be discovered and voluntarily defused before any corruption occurs. A widely used definition is: "A conflict of interest is a set of circumstances that creates a risk that professional judgement or actions regarding a primary interest will be unduly influenced by a secondary interest. "[1] Primary interest refers to the principal goals of the profession or activity, such as the protection of clients, the health of patients, the integrity of research, and the duties of public office.
Secondary interest includes not only financial gain but also such motives as the desire for professional advancement and the wish to do favours for family and friends, but conflict of interest rules usually focus on financial relationships because they are relatively more objective, fungible, and quantifiable. Related to the practice of law[edit] Organizational[edit] Credit rating agency - wikipedia\ Debt instruments the agencies rate may include government bonds, corporate bonds, CDs, municipal bonds, preferred stock, and collateralized securities, such as mortgage-backed securities and collateralized debt obligations.[3] The issuers of the obligations/securities may be companies, special purpose entities, state and local governments, non-profit organizations, or sovereign nations.[3] A credit rating permits—or facilitates—the trading of securities on a secondary market.
A credit rating affects the interest rate a security pays out, with higher ratings leading to lower interest rates. Individual consumers are not rated for credit-worthiness by credit rating agencies, but by credit bureaus (also consumer reporting agencies, credit reference agencies), which issue credit scores. The value of credit ratings for securities has been widely questioned. History[edit] Early history[edit] Post-depression era[edit] Moody's Investors Service - wikipedia. Role in capital markets[edit] Moody's Investors Service and its close competitors play a key role in global capital markets as a supplementary credit analysis provider for banks and other financial institutions in assessing the credit risk of particular securities.
This form of third party analysis is particularly useful for smaller and less sophisticated investors, as well as for all investors to use as an external comparison for their own judgments.[4] Credit rating agencies also play an important role in the laws and regulations of the United States and several other countries, such as those of the European Union. In the United States their credit ratings are used in regulation by the U.S. The SEC has designated seven other firms as NRSROs,[6] including, for example, A. Standard & Poor's - wikipedia. History[edit] "Poor's Directory of Railroad Officials", 1893 (frontispiece) The company traces its future back to 1860, with the publication by Henry Varnum Poor of History of Railroads and Canals in the United States.
This book compiled comprehensive information about the financial and operational state of U.S. railroad companies. In 1868, Henry Varnum Poor established H.V. and H.W. Poor Co. with his son, Henry William Poor, and published two annually updated hardback guidebooks, Poor's Manual of the Railroads of the United States and Poor's Directory of Railway Officials.[4][5] In 1906, Luther Lee Blake founded the Standard Statistics Bureau, with the view to providing financial information on non-railroad companies. Tegenlicht – Macht van de kredietbeoordelaars. Tegenlicht – Het Duitse Alternatief 157 Views0 Likes Een week voor de Duitse verkiezingen zoomt Tegenlicht in op de verkiezingen in Duitsland.
Wat betekent deze verkiezing voor de rest van Europa en kan het door George Soros voorgestelde 'Dexit' (Duitsland uit de Euro)... Goldman Sachs en de vernietiging van Griekenland 297 Views1 Likes De laatste jaren weten we niet beter dan dat Griekenland enorme financiële problemen heeft. Commanding Heights [2/3] – The agony of reform 111 Views0 Likes In 2002 zond PBS de zes uur durende serie 'Commanding Heights' uit op basis van het gelijknamige boek van Daniel Yergin en Joseph Stanislaw. Noorderlicht (1996) – John Maynard Keynes 229 Views0 Likes In deze Noorderlicht uit 1996 kijkt men terug op de ideeën en invloed van John Maynard Keynes.
Fitch Group - wikipedia. Fitch Ratings Inc. is a jointly owned subsidiary of Hearst Corporation and FIMALAC SA.[2] On April 12, 2012, Hearst increased their stake in the Fitch Group to 50%.[3] Previously, Hearst owned a 40% stake in the company, while FIMALAC was the majority owner with 60% stake.[4] Fitch Ratings and Fitch Solutions are part of the Fitch Group.
The firm was founded by John Knowles Fitch on December 24, 1913 in New York City as the Fitch Publishing Company. It merged with London-based IBCA Limited in December 1997. In 2000 Fitch acquired both Chicago-based Duff & Phelps Credit Rating Co. (April) and Thomson Financial BankWatch (December). Fitch Ratings is the smallest of the "big three" NRSROs, covering a more limited share of the market than S&P and Moody's, though it has grown with acquisitions and frequently positions itself as a "tie-breaker" when the other two agencies have ratings similar, but not equal, in scale.