Participatory action research. Participatory action research (PAR) is an approach to research in communities that emphasizes participation and action.
It seeks to understand the world by trying to change it, collaboratively and following reflection. PAR emphasizes collective inquiry and experimentation grounded in experience and social history. Performative public space. Grounded theory. Grounded theory (GT) is a systematic methodology in the social sciences involving the construction of theory through the analysis of data.[1][2] Grounded theory is a research methodology which operates almost in a reverse fashion from social science research in the positivist tradition.
Unlike positivist research, a study using grounded theory is likely to begin with a question, or even just with the collection of qualitative data. As researchers review the data collected, repeated ideas, concepts or elements become apparent, and are tagged with codes, which have been extracted from the data. As more data are collected, and as data are re-reviewed, codes can be grouped into concepts, and then into categories. These categories may become the basis for new theory. Background[edit] Cultural studies. Cultural studies combines feminist theory, social theory, political theory, history, philosophy, literary theory, media theory, film/video studies, communication studies, political economy, translation studies, museum studies and art history/criticism to study cultural phenomena in various societies.
Thus, cultural studies seeks to understand how meaning is generated, disseminated, and produced from the social, political and economic spheres within a given culture. The influential theories of cultural hegemony and agency have emerged from the cultural studies movement as well as the most recent communications theory, which attempts to explain the cultural forces behind globalization. Unique academic approaches to cultural studies have also emerged in the United States, Canada, Australia, South Africa and Italy. Epistemology. A branch of philosophy concerned with the nature and scope of knowledge Epistemology (; from Greek ἐπιστήμη, epistēmē, meaning 'knowledge', and -logy) is the branch of philosophy concerned with the theory of knowledge.
Epistemology is the study of the nature of knowledge, justification, and the rationality of belief. Much debate in epistemology centers on four areas: (1) the philosophical analysis of the nature of knowledge and how it relates to such concepts as truth, belief, and justification,[1][2] (2) various problems of skepticism, (3) the sources and scope of knowledge and justified belief, and (4) the criteria for knowledge and justification. Epistemology addresses such questions as: "What makes justified beliefs justified? ",[3] "What does it mean to say that we know something? " Etymology[edit] Urbanismo da favelas. Hermeneutics. Hermes, messenger of the gods.
Hermeneutics /hɜrməˈnjuːtɪks/ is the theory of text interpretation, especially the interpretation of biblical texts, wisdom literature, and philosophical texts.[1][2] The terms "hermeneutics" and "exegesis" are sometimes used interchangeably. Hermeneutics is a wider discipline that includes written, verbal, and nonverbal communication. Exegesis focuses primarily upon texts. Complete spatial randomness. Complete spatial randomness (CSR) describes a point process whereby point events occur within a given study area in a completely random fashion.
It is synonymous with a homogeneous Spatial Poisson Process.[1] Such a process is modeled using only one parameter , i.e. the density of points within the defined area. Propinquity. In social psychology, propinquity[pronunciation?]
(from Latin propinquitas, "nearness") is one of the main factors leading to interpersonal attraction. It refers to the physical or psychological proximity between people. Propinquity can mean physical proximity, a kinship between people, or a similarity in nature between things ("like-attracts-like"). Two people living on the same floor of a building, for example, have a higher propinquity than those living on different floors, just as two people with similar political beliefs possess a higher propinquity than those whose beliefs strongly differ. Definition for efficacy. Definition for authentic. Percentage of developing world living in informal settlements. Heterotopia (space) Heterotopia is a concept in human geography elaborated by philosopher Michel Foucault to describe places and spaces that function in non-hegemonic conditions.
These are spaces of otherness, which are neither here nor there, that are simultaneously physical and mental, such as the space of a phone call or the moment when you see yourself in the mirror. A utopia is an idea or an image that is not real but represents a perfected version of society, such as Thomas More’s book or Le Corbusier’s drawings. Foucault uses the term heterotopia to describe spaces that have more layers of meaning or relationships to other places than immediately meet the eye. Objectivity (philosophy) "Objectivism" is a term that describes a branch of philosophy that originated in the early nineteenth century.
Gottlob Frege was the first to apply it, when he expounded an epistemological and metaphysical theory contrary to that of Immanuel Kant. Kant's rationalism attempted to reconcile the failures he perceived in philosophical realism. Stronger versions of this claim hold that there is only one correct description of this reality. If it is true that reality is mind-independent, then reality might include objects that are unknown to consciousness and thus might include objects not the subject of intensionality. Objectivity in referring requires a definition of truth. Nostalgia. Nostalgia in its most common form was responsible for the old front desk of The Beverly Hills Hotel (from 1942 to 1979) being made into a bar.
In common, less clinical usage nostalgia can refer to a general interest in the past, their personalities and events, especially the "good old days" from one's earlier life. Boym[2] argues that nostalgia is more prevalent during times of great upheaval. As a medical condition[edit] The term was coined in 1688 by Johannes Hofer (1669–1752) in his Basel dissertation. Hofer introduced nostalgia or mal du pays "homesickness" for the condition also known as mal du Suisse "Swiss illness" or Schweizerheimweh "Swiss homesickness," because of its frequent occurrence in Swiss mercenaries who in the plains of lowlands of France or Italy were pining for their native mountain landscapes. Complexity management. Complexity management is a business methodology that deals with the analysis and optimization of complexity in enterprises.
Effects of complexity pertain to all business processes along the value chain and hence complexity management requires a holistic approach. Effective complexity management is based on four pillars: a sound strategy alignment with the overall company strategy, transparency over all costs and values of complexity, an approach which identifies the optimization benefits, related measures and management of the trade-offs between the total value chain functions, and finally ensurement of the sustainable infrastructure such as IT tools, incentives and processes. Complexity management recently emerged at top of the agenda due to new technology enablement, leading to detailed analytics and simulation of complexity optimization measures and their related domino effects within the entire value chain.
Homogeneity and heterogeneity. Homogeneity and heterogeneity are concepts relating to the uniformity in a substance. A material that is homogeneous is uniform in composition or character; one that is heterogeneous is distinctly nonuniform in one of these qualities.[1][2][3] Exponential growth. The graph illustrates how exponential growth (green) surpasses both linear (red) and cubic (blue) growth. Exponential growth Linear growth Cubic growth. Lacunarity. Figure 1. Basic fractal patterns increasing in lacunarity from left to right. The same images as above, rotated 90°. Whereas the first two images appear essentially the same as they do above, the third looks different from its unrotated original. Adaptation. General principles[edit] The significance of an adaptation can only be understood in relation to the total biology of the species.— Julian Huxley[1] Adaptation is one of the two main processes that explain the diverse species we see in biology, such as the different species of Darwin's finches.
The other is speciation (species-splitting or cladogenesis), caused by geographical isolation or some other mechanism.[8][9] A favorite example used today to study the interplay of adaptation and speciation is the evolution of cichlid fish in African lakes, where the question of reproductive isolation is much more complex.[10][11] Adaptation is not always a simple matter, where the ideal phenotype evolves for a given external environment. An organism must be viable at all stages of its development and at all stages of its evolution. Definitions[edit] The following definitions are mainly due to Theodosius Dobzhansky. Adaptability. Adaptable. Synoptic. Shanty town. "Shantytown" and "Hutment" redirect here. For the created gold-mining town in New Zealand, see Shantytown, New Zealand. Complex adaptive system. They are complex in that they are dynamic networks of interactions, and their relationships are not aggregations of the individual static entities.
They are adaptive in that the individual and collective behavior mutate and self-organize corresponding to the change-initiating micro-event or collection of events.[1][2] Overview[edit] Informality and terrain vague. Positivism. Emergence. Snowflakes forming complex symmetrical patterns is an example of emergence in a physical system. Spontaneous order. Spontaneous orders are to be distinguished from organizations. Spontaneous orders are distinguished by being scale-free networks, while organizations are hierarchical networks. Critical regionalism. Jørn Utzon, Bagsvaerd Church (1973–6), Denmark; combinations of local culture and universal civilization. Platitude. Cliché. Oxymoron. Corollary. Postulate[2] Paradox. Parallax. Dichotomy. Ostensible. Informal urbanism - QUT Library Quick Find. Pertinent.