Philosophy.csusb.edu/~tmoody/Death of Socrates.html. Socrates is the Founding Father of western Philosophy. He is the first person we can identify who seriously asked and pursued answers to questions that we now think of as characteristically philosophical. Thinkers before Socrates, the Pre-Socratics they're called, had asked questions about mathematics, about metaphysics (Pythagoras thought the world was made up of numbers), and about natural phenomena.
Socrates spent his life asking philosophical questions of the citizens of Athens, questioning their answers, debating them. He wanted to know what goodness was, what morality was, what piety was, whether virtue can be taught, what knowledge is and similar questions. Socrates was born in 469 b.c. At the age of 70, in 399 b.c. He was charged with teaching young people to disrespect the gods of the city. The excerpts you are about to read are from the dialogues of Plato named Apology, Crito, and Phaedo. from Plato, Apology The Apology is not an apology at all; it is a defense. Socrates. Two Upbuilding Discourses, 1843. Soren Kierkegaard published Two Upbuilding Discourses three months after the publication of his big book, Either/Or, which ended without a conclusion to the argument between A, the aesthete and B, the ethicist, as to which is the best way to live one's life. Kierkegaard hoped the book would transform everything for both of them into inwardness.[1] In 1832 Hegel began an argument with Christianity by saying that knowledge is not something hurtful to faith but helpful.
He says, philosophy (the love of knowledge) "has the same content as religion. " This is due, in part, to the efforts of "Anselm and Abelard, who further developed the essential structure of faith" in the Middle Ages.[2] Hegel wants people to base their belief in God on knowledge rather than faith, but, Kierkegaard wants each single individual to act out their faith before God.
Structure[edit] Dedication, Preface, or Prayer[edit] The dedication is worded exactly the same in each of his eighteen upbuilding discourses. MicroLECTURE: A Kierkegaardian Exploration of Existential Truth. Feminist existentialism. Existentialist feminists emphasize concepts such as freedom, interpersonal relationships, and the experience of living as a human body. They value the capacity for radical change, but recognize that factors such as self-deception and the anxiety caused by the possibility of change can limit it.
Many are dedicated to exposing and undermining socially imposed gender roles and cultural constructs limiting women's self-determination, and criticize poststructualist third-wave feminists who deny the intrinsic freedom of individual women.[8] A female who makes considered choices regarding her way of life and suffers the anxiety associated with that freedom, isolation, or nonconformity, yet remains free, demonstrates the tenets of existentialism.[9] The novels of Kate Chopin, Joan Didion, Margaret Atwood, and Margaret Drabble include such existential heroines. Simone de Beauvoir was a renowned existentialist and one of the principal founders of second-wave feminism.
References[edit] Interview with Jean-Paul Sartre and Simone de Beauvoir.
Running amok. Running amok, sometimes referred to as simply amok,[1] also spelled amuk, from the Malay,[2] is "an episode of sudden mass assault against people or objects usually by a single individual following a period of brooding that has traditionally been regarded as occurring especially in Indonesian culture but is now increasingly viewed as psychopathological behavior occurring worldwide in numerous countries and cultures".[3] The syndrome of "Amok" is found in the DSM-IV TR.[4] The phrase is often used in a less serious manner when describing something that is wildly out of control or causing a frenzy (e.g., a dog tearing up the living room furniture might be termed as "running amok.
") Malay/Indonesian origin[edit] Although commonly used in a colloquial and less-violent sense, the phrase is particularly associated with a specific sociopathic culture-bound syndrome in Malaysian culture. Contemporary syndrome[edit] Officially classified as a psychiatric condition[edit] See also[edit] Notes[edit] Marxism Versus Existentialism. George Novack’s Understanding History Existentialism and Marxism are the most widely discussed and widely held philosophies of our time. The first is dominant in Western Europe and gaining increasing popularity in the United States. The second is not only the official doctrine of all communist countries but, in one form or another, is accepted as a guide by many movements and parties throughout the world. Over the past 20 years the proponents of these two schools of thought have engaged in continual debate with one another.
The centre of this controversy has been France. There existentialism has found its most talented spokesmen in Nobel Prize winner Jean-Paul Sartre and his associates, who have developed their positions in direct contact and contest with Marxism. The development of Sartre has been especially paradoxical. To what extent, if any, can these philosophies be conjoined? This piece can do no more than indicate the main lines of their disagreement on the most important issues. Critique of Dialectical Reason, Volume One: Jean-Paul Sartre, Jonathan Ree, Alan Sheridan-Smith, Fredric Jameson: 9781859844854: Amazon.com. Sartre and Marxist Existentialism: The Test Case of Collective Responsibility: Thomas R. Flynn: 9780226254661: Amazon.com. The Coming of the French Revolution (Princeton Classic Editions): Georges Lefebvre, R. R. Palmer, Timothy Tackett: 9780691121888: Amazon.com.
Henri Lefebvre. Henri Lefebvre (French: [ləfɛvʁ]; 16 June 1901 – 29 June 1991) was a French Marxist philosopher and sociologist, best known for pioneering the critique of everyday life, for introducing the concepts of the right to the city and the production of social space, and for his work on dialectics, alienation, and criticism of Stalinism and structuralism. In his prolific career, Lefebvre wrote more than sixty books and three hundred articles.[1] Biography[edit] In 1961, Lefebvre became professor of sociology at the University of Strasbourg, before joining the faculty at the new university at Nanterre in 1965.[7] He was one of the most respected professors, and he had influenced and analysed the May 1968 students revolt.[8] Lefebvre introduced the concept of the right to the city in his 1968 book Le Droit à la ville[9][10] (the publication of the book predates the May 1968 revolts which took place in many French cities).
Lefebvre died in 1991. The critique of everyday life[edit] "Change life! Pareto priority index. Pareto efficiency. Pareto efficiency, or Pareto optimality, is a state of allocation of resources in which it is impossible to make any one individual better off without making at least one individual worse off. The term is named after Vilfredo Pareto (1848–1923), an Italian economist who used the concept in his studies of economic efficiency and income distribution.
[citation needed] The concept has applications in academic fields such as economics and engineering. For example, suppose there are two consumers A & B and only one resource X. Suppose X is equal to 20. Let us assume that the resource has to be distributed equally between A and B and thus can be distributed in the following way: (1,1), (2,2), (3,3), (4,4), (5,5), (6,6), (7,7), (8,8), (9,9), (10,10). Pareto efficiency in short[edit] A production-possibility frontier is an example of a Pareto Efficient Frontier, or Pareto-Optimal Front. It is commonly accepted[by whom?] In real-world practice, such compensations have unintended consequences. Pareto distribution. The Pareto distribution, named after the Italian civil engineer, economist, and sociologist Vilfredo Pareto, is a power law probability distribution that is used in description of social, scientific, geophysical, actuarial, and many other types of observable phenomena.
Definition[edit] If X is a random variable with a Pareto (Type I) distribution,[1] then the probability that X is greater than some number x, i.e. the survival function (also called tail function), is given by where xm is the (necessarily positive) minimum possible value of X, and α is a positive parameter. The Pareto Type I distribution is characterized by a scale parameter xm and a shape parameter α, which is known as the tail index. Properties[edit] Cumulative distribution function[edit] From the definition, the cumulative distribution function of a Pareto random variable with parameters α and xm is Probability density function[edit] It follows (by differentiation) that the probability density function is exceeding instead of.
Vilfredo Pareto. Vilfredo Federico Damaso Pareto (born Wilfried Fritz Pareto; Italian: [vilˈfreːdo paˈreːto]; 15 July 1848 – 19 August 1923) was an Italian engineer, sociologist, economist, political scientist, and philosopher. He made several important contributions to economics, particularly in the study of income distribution and in the analysis of individuals' choices. He was also responsible for popularising the use of the term "elite" in social analysis. He introduced the concept of Pareto efficiency and helped develop the field of microeconomics. He was also the first to discover that income follows a Pareto distribution, which is a power law probability distribution. His legacy as an economist was profound. Biography[edit] Pareto was born of an exiled noble Genoese family in 1848 in Paris, the centre of the popular revolutions of that year. From Civil engineer to liberal, and then to economist[edit] He did not begin serious work in economics until his mid-forties.
Economics and sociology[edit] History of Philosophy as 3D mindmap. Western Philosophy. Georges Bataille. Georges Albert Maurice Victor Bataille (French: [ʒɔʁʒ batɑj]; 10 September 1897 – 9 July 1962) was a French intellectual and literary figure working in literature, anthropology, philosophy, economy, sociology and history of art.
Eroticism, sovereignty, and transgression are at the core of his writings. Life and work[edit] Bataille attended the École des Chartes in Paris, graduating in February 1922. Though he is often referred to as an archivist and a librarian because of his employment at the Bibliothèque Nationale, his work there was with the medallion collections (he also published scholarly articles on numismatics). His thesis at the École des Chartes was a critical edition of the medieval manuscript L’Ordre de chevalerie which he produced directly by classifying the eight manuscripts from which he reconstructed the poem. Fascinated by human sacrifice, he founded a secret society, Acéphale, the symbol of which was a headless man. Key concepts[edit] Base materialism[edit] Other[edit] Thus Spoke Zarathustra. Thus Spoke Zarathustra: A Book for All and None (German: Also sprach Zarathustra: Ein Buch für Alle und Keinen, also translated as Thus Spake Zarathustra) is a philosophical novel by German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche, composed in four parts between 1883 and 1885.
Much of the work deals with ideas such as the "eternal recurrence of the same", the parable on the "death of God", and the "prophecy" of the Übermensch, which were first introduced in The Gay Science.[1] Origins[edit] Thus Spoke Zarathustra was conceived while Nietzsche was writing The Gay Science; he made a small note, reading "6,000 feet beyond man and time," as evidence of this.[2] More specifically, this note related to the concept of the eternal recurrence, which is, by Nietzsche's admission, the central idea of Zarathustra; this idea occurred to him by a "pyramidal block of stone" on the shores of Lake Silvaplana in the Upper Engadine, a high alpine region whose valley floor is at 6,000 ft. Synopsis[edit] Themes[edit] Fatalism.
Fatalism is a philosophical doctrine stressing the subjugation of all events or actions to fate. Fatalism generally refers to any of the following ideas: The view that we are powerless to do anything other than what we actually do.[1] Included in this is that man has no power to influence the future, or indeed, his own actions.[2] This belief is very similar to predeterminism.An attitude of resignation in the face of some future event or events which are thought to be inevitable. Friedrich Nietzsche named this idea with "Turkish fatalism"[3] in his book The Wanderer and His Shadow.[4]That actions are free, but nevertheless work toward an inevitable end.[5] This belief is very similar to compatibilist predestination.That acceptance is appropriate, rather than resistance against inevitability. This belief is very similar to defeatism.
Determinism, fatalism and predeterminism[edit] Fatalism is a looser term than determinism. Likewise, determinism is a broader term than predeterminism. Jorge Luis Borges. Jorge Francisco Isidoro Luis Borges, KBE (Spanish: [ˈxorxe ˈlwis ˈβorxes] In 1914 his family moved to Switzerland, where he studied at the Collège de Genève. The family travelled widely in Europe, including stays in Spain. On his return to Argentina in 1921, Borges began publishing his poems and essays in surrealist literary journals. He also worked as a librarian and public lecturer. His international reputation was consolidated in the 1960s, aided by his works being available in English, by the Latin American Boom and by the success of García Márquez's One Hundred Years of Solitude.[6] Writer and essayist J.
Life and career[edit] Early life and education[edit] Jorge Luis Borges in 1921 At nine, Jorge Luis Borges translated Oscar Wilde's The Happy Prince into Spanish. Early writing career[edit] Later career[edit] Jorge Luis Borges in the 1940s Borges's father died in 1938. In 1955, he was nominated to the directorship of the National Library. International renown[edit] The Limits of Theory: Idealism, Distinction and Critical Pedagogy in Chicago. Eli Thorkelson Department of Anthropology, University of Chicago “I think questioning a structure from within is very necessary, but we don’t need to know much about history to know the difficulties it produces.”
—email from Bernard Dubbeld, 19 Oct 2005. “Systems” is the name of the first class you take in graduate school, if you’re in anthropology at the University of Chicago, although the official, bureaucratic title is “The Development of Social and Cultural Theory, Parts 1 and 2.” The class is in the genre of an “intro grad theory class,” like those taught in many departments, and our version is something like a hit parade: greatest hits of Western philosophy and anthropology, 413 A.D. to present.
Why devote a critical essay to a single course in graduate school, a single course in a single department, a single course that is in no clear way representative of the discipline? A recursive, ambivalent critical situation I am not the first to see Systems in a critical light. Happiness: A History: Darrin M. McMahon: 9780802142894: Amazon.com. The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (German: Die protestantische Ethik und der Geist des Kapitalismus) is a book written by Max Weber, a German sociologist, economist, and politician.
Begun as a series of essays, the original German text was composed in 1904 and 1905, and was translated into English for the first time by Talcott Parsons in 1930.[1] It is considered a founding text in economic sociology and sociology in general. In 1998 the International Sociological Association listed this work as the fourth most important sociological book of the 20th century.[3] Summary[edit] Basic concepts[edit] Religious devotion, Weber argues, is usually accompanied by a rejection of worldly affairs, including the pursuit of wealth and possessions.
Weber notes that this is not a philosophy of mere greed, but a statement laden with moral language. It is particularly advantageous in technical occupations for workers to be extremely devoted to their craft. Conclusions[edit] Reception[edit] Edmund Husserl. Hermeneutics. Martin Heidegger.
Eternal return. Eternal return. Deconstruction. Nihilism. Meaning of life. Absurdism. Propaganda model. 'The Fate of an Honest Intellectual', by Noam Chomsky (Excerpted from Understanding Power) Foucauldian Reflections. Foucauldian Reflections. The Wittgensteinian. Being and Nothingness Notes. Simone de Beauvoir. 'Atlantic Rim': Chomsky v. Zizek.
Noam Chomsky vs Michel Foucault (FULL DEBATE) Jean-Paul Sartre. André Malraux. Being and Nothingness. Roland Barthes. The Wittgensteinian. The Wittgensteinian. Waiting for Godot. Untimely Meditations. Untimely Meditations.