Humanistisk videnskabsteori og videnskabelig metode
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Human science - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Human science is the study and interpretation of the experiences, activities, constructs, and artifacts associated with human beings. The study of the human sciences attempts to expand and enlighten the human being's knowledge of his or her existence, its interrelationship with other species and systems, and the development of artifacts to perpetuate the human expression and thought. It is the study of human phenomena. The study of the human experience is historical and current in nature. It requires the evaluation and interpretation of the historic human experience and the analysis of current human activity to gain an understanding of human phenomena and to project the outlines of human volution.Psychology is the study of the mind , occurring partly via the study of behavior . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Grounded in scientific method , [ 1 ] [ 2 ] psychology has the immediate goal of understanding individuals and groups by both establishing general principles and researching specific cases, [ 3 ] [ 4 ] and for many it ultimately aims to benefit society. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] In this field, a professional practitioner or researcher is called a psychologist , and can be classified as a social scientist , behavioral scientist , or cognitive scientist . Psychologists attempt to understand the role of mental functions in individual and social behavior , while also exploring the physiological and neurobiological processes that underlie certain cognitive functions and behaviors. Psychologists explore such concepts as perception , cognition , attention , emotion , phenomenology , motivation , brain functioning , personality , behavior , and interpersonal relationships .
Psychology - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For a topical guide to this subject, see Outline of economics . Economics is the social science that analyzes the production , distribution , and consumption of goods and services . The term economics comes from the Ancient Greek οἰκονομία ( oikonomia , "management of a household, administration") from οἶκος ( oikos , "house") + νόμος ( nomos , "custom" or "law"), hence "rules of the house(hold)". [ 1 ] Political economy was the earlier name for the subject, but economists in the latter 19th century suggested 'economics' as a shorter term for 'economic science' that also avoided a narrow political-interest connotation and as similar in form to ' mathematics ', 'ethics', and so forth. [ 2 ] A focus of the subject is how economic agents behave or interact and how economies work. Consistent with this, a primary textbook distinction is between microeconomics and macroeconomics.
Economics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Geography - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Geography (from Greek γεωγραφία - geographia , lit. "earth describe-write" [ 1 ] ) is the science that studies the lands, the features, the inhabitants, and the phenomena of the Earth . [ 2 ] A literal translation would be "to describe or write about the Earth". The first person to use the word "geography" was Eratosthenes (276-194 BC). Four historical traditions in geographical research are the spatial analysis of the natural and the human phenomena (geography as the study of distribution), the area studies (places and regions), the study of the man-land relationship, and the research in the earth sciences . [ 3 ] Nonetheless, the modern geography is an all-encompassing discipline that foremost seeks to understand the Earth and all of its human and natural complexities—not merely where objects are, but how they have changed and come to be. Geography has been called "the world discipline" and "the bridge between the human and the physical science ".
Linguistics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"Linguist" redirects here. See also Linguist (disambiguation) . Linguistics is the scientific study of human language . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Linguistics can be broadly broken into three categories or subfields of study: language form, language meaning, and language in context. The earliest known descriptive linguistics activities are said to have been Panini's Ashtadhyayi around 500 BCE with the analysis of Sanskrit . The first subfield of linguistics is the study of language structure, or grammar . This focuses on the system of rules followed by the speakers (or hearers) of a language.Anthropology - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Anthropology / æ n θ r ɵ ˈ p ɒ l ə dʒ i / is a social science that deals with the origins, physical and cultural development, biological characteristics, social customs, and beliefs of humankind. It has origins in the humanities , the natural sciences , and the social sciences . [ 1 ] The term " anthropology " is from the Greek anthrōpos ( ἄνθρωπος ), "man", understood to mean mankind or humanity, and -logia (-λογία), "discourse" or "study." Anthropology's basic concerns are the definition of human life and origin, how social relations among humans are organized, who the ancestors of modern Homo sapiens are, what the characterizations of human physical traits are, how humans behave, why there are variations among different groups of humans, how the evolutionary past of Homo sapiens has influenced its social organization and culture and so forth. [ citation needed ]
Science (from Latin scientia , meaning "knowledge") is a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe . [ 1 ] In an older and closely related meaning (found, for example, in Aristotle ), "science" refers to the body of reliable knowledge itself, of the type that can be logically and rationally explained ( see History and philosophy below ). [ 2 ] Since classical antiquity science as a type of knowledge was closely linked to philosophy . In the early modern era the words "science" and "philosophy" were sometimes used interchangeably in the English language . By the 17th century, natural philosophy (which is today called " natural science ") was considered a separate branch of philosophy . [ 3 ] However, "science" continued to be used in a broad sense denoting reliable knowledge about a topic, in the same way it is still used in modern terms such as library science or political science .
Science - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Philosophy is the study of general and fundamental problems, such as those connected with existence , knowledge , values , reason, mind , and language. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Philosophy is distinguished from other ways of addressing such problems by its critical, generally systematic approach and its reliance on rational argument . [ 3 ] The word "philosophy" comes from the Greek φιλοσοφία ( philosophia ), which literally means "love of wisdom". [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Etymology The introduction of the terms "philosopher" and "philosophy" has been ascribed to the Greek thinker Pythagoras . [ 7 ] The ascription is said to be based on a passage in a lost work of Herakleides Pontikos, a disciple of Aristotle . It is considered to be part of the widespread body of legends of Pythagoras of this time. "Philosopher" was understood as a word which contrasted with " sophist " (from sophoi ).
Philosophy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Political science is a social science discipline concerned with the study of the state government and politics. Aristotle defined it as the study of the state. [ 1 ] It deals extensively with the theory and practice of politics , and the analysis of political systems and political behavior. Political scientists "see themselves engaged in revealing the relationships underlying political events and conditions. And from these revelations they attempt to construct general principles about the way the world of politics works." [ 2 ] Political science intersects with other fields; including anthropology , public policy , national politics, economics , international relations , comparative politics , psychology , sociology , history , law , and political theory . Although it was codified in the 19th century , when all the social sciences were established, political science has ancient roots; indeed, it originated almost 2,500 years ago with the works of Plato and Aristotle . [ 3 ]
Political science - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Sociology is the scientific study of society . [ 1 ] It is a social science which uses various methods of empirical investigation [ 2 ] and critical analysis [ 3 ] to develop a body of knowledge about human social activity. It focuses on the influence of our relationships around us and how they affect our behaviours and attitudes. For many sociologists the goal is to conduct research which may be applied directly to social policy and welfare, while others focus primarily on refining the theoretical understanding of social processes. Subject matter ranges from the micro level of individual agency and interaction to the macro level of systems and the social structure . [ 4 ] The traditional focuses of sociology have included social stratification , social class , culture , social mobility , religion , secularisation , law , and deviance .