Filosofia Antica. Philosophie. Filosofia greco-romana. A filosofia greco-romana foi a maneira com que os antigos gregos e romanos organizaram, nos últimos cinco séculos antes de Cristo, uma forma de conhecimento, um modo de reflexão ou uma teoria da realidade. Esta filosofia pode ser classificada em dois períodos: o cosmológico e o antropológico clássico. Classificação[editar | editar código-fonte] Período Cosmológico[editar | editar código-fonte] Neste estágio primitivo e rural, predominou uma explicação mitológica do universo e da origem das principais significações da realidade. Os mitos gregos são marcadamente concebidos com características semelhantes ao mundo, relações e modos de vida dos homens daquele tempo. Houve entre os gregos uma imensa tradição mitológica oral, que mais tarde foi sistematizado por Homero em suas duas grandes obras: Ilíada e Odisseia.
Costuma-se classificar este primeiro período grego (primitivo, rural, tribal e mitológico) como "Tempos Homéricos", abrangendo-se até por volta dos anos 1000 a.C. Segundo J.P. Anaximander. Pre-Socratic Ionian philosopher Anaximander (; Greek: Ἀναξίμανδρος Anaximandros; c. 610 – c. 546 BC)[4] was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher who lived in Miletus,[5] a city of Ionia (in modern-day Turkey). He belonged to the Milesian school and learned the teachings of his master Thales. He succeeded Thales and became the second master of that school where he counted Anaximenes and, arguably, Pythagoras amongst his pupils.[6] Little of his life and work is known today.
According to available historical documents, he is the first philosopher known to have written down his studies,[7] although only one fragment of his work remains. Fragmentary testimonies found in documents after his death provide a portrait of the man. Biography[edit] Establishing a timeline of his work is now impossible, since no document provides chronological references. Anaximander lived the final few years of his life as a subject of the Persian Achaemenid Empire.[14] Theories[edit] Apeiron[edit] Cosmology[edit] [edit]
Héraclite. Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre. Héraclite d'Éphèse Philosophe grec Antiquité Héraclite, huile sur toile d’Hendrick ter Brugghen, 1628, Rijksmuseum (Amsterdam) Héraclite d'Éphèse (en grec ancien Ἡράκλειτος ὁ Ἐφέσιος / Hêrákleitos ho Ephésios) est un philosophe grec de la fin du VIe siècle av. J. Biographie[modifier | modifier le code] La naissance d’Héraclite serait contemporaine de la mort d’Anaximandre[1]. Héraclite est issu d’une famille illustre et sacerdotale. . « Les Éphésiens méritent que tous ceux qui ont âge d'homme meurent, que les enfants perdent leur patrie, eux qui ont chassé Hermodore, le meilleur d’entre-eux, en disant : « Que parmi nous il n'y en ait pas de meilleur ; s'il y en a un, qu'il aille vivre ailleurs. » (Fragment 121, Diogène Laërce, IX, 2) » Lui-même semble avoir été persécuté pour athéisme (mais cette assertion est tardive et on la trouve chez des auteurs chrétiens, Justin de Naplouse et Athénagoras d'Athènes).
Méprisant et irritable : Misanthrope : Heraclitus. Pre-Socratic Greek philosopher Due to the oracular and paradoxical nature of his philosophy, and his fondness for word play, he was called "The Obscure" even in antiquity. He wrote a single work, On Nature, but the obscurity is made worse by its remaining only in fragments. His cryptic utterances have been the subject of numerous interpretations. He's been seen variously as a "material monist or a process philosopher; a scientific cosmologist, a metaphysician, or mainly a religious thinker; an empiricist, a rationalist, or a mystic; a conventional thinker or a revolutionary; a developer of logic or one who denied the law of non-contradiction; the first genuine philosopher or an anti-intellectual obscurantist. "[2] Life[edit] Floruit[edit] Heraclitus disliked Pythagoras. The dates for Heraclitus are uncertain. Diogenes Laërtius[edit] Ephesus on the coast of Asia Minor, birthplace of Heraclitus Ephesus[edit] Childhood[edit] Misanthropy[edit] "Most men are bad" - Bias of Priene Dropsy and death[edit]
Il “Panta rei” di Eraclito: accettare la vita in continuo mutamento | Hello! World. C’è un’armonia nascosta, e ineffabile, nel rinnovarsi a ogni istante dell’esperienza, di ogni esperienza, mai uguale a se stessa. È il messaggio fondamentale del “Panta Rei“—”tutto scorre“—di Eraclito di Efeso. Il pensatore presocratico di cui, secondo Nietzsche, il mondo avrebbe “eternamente bisogno”, così come ha eternamente bisogno di verità. Eraclito, vissuto fra VI e V secolo a.C., era definito “oscuro” già anticamente. Mistico austero, aristocratico, polemico, molto probabilmente non pronunciò il motto “Panta rei”. Che infatti non si trova nel centinaio di frammenti suoi, giunti fino a noi attraverso vari autori. È stato Platone a tramandarlo, quale condensato dei pensieri di Eraclito sul perpetuo fluire. La fissità è un inganno: l’acqua del fiume non è mai la stessa Il sole è nuovo ogni giorno [Fr. 27] Come si può pensare il continuo mutamento della natura e delle cose, mutamento che non è possibile ingabbiare in sistemi?
Tutto ciò non riguarda solo “le cose”. Perché “armonia”? Entéléchie: la conquête de soi. Par Camille Loty Malebranche Nous avons présenté l'homme téléologique comme le rêveur actif qui se projette, aujourd'hui nous poursuivons avec cette suite cohérente de la téléologie qu'est l'entéléchie assumée sous l'appellation de "L'homme entéléchique". L'homme entéléchique est le conquérant de soi, un travailleur de l'être dont la discrétion des conquêtes sans klaxon ni gyrophare, laisse insensibles les cohues mais touche la petite élite dont le Christ disait qu'elle est celle qui, prenant la route et la porte étroites, parvient au vrai sommet, loin des montagnes de Sisyphe et de Prométhée, symboles des misères bouclant les fausses élévations nées du vide axiologique.
C’est vrai que le pillage et la séquestration des biens communs par une minorité d’oligarques qui aliènent les foules majoritaires par leur exhibitionnisme de richissimes, semblent procurer un sens à l’ego narcissique des prédateurs. Copyright © CAMILLE LOTY MALEBRANCHE - Blog INTELLECTION - 2016 Politique de Reproduction. Epicurus and Epicurean Philosophy. Tetrapharmakon : un remède épicurien. De tous les concepts issus de la philosophie antique, le terme épicurien est sans doute celui qui a été le plus déformé au fil du temps et est aujourd’hui le moins bien compris. Considéré de nos jours comme un synonyme de l’hédonisme, l’épicurisme est couramment évoqué dans les petites annonces échangistes, ou pour qualifier un mode de vie tourné exclusivement vers le plaisir personnel.
Ce qui est un contre-sens quasiment intégral. Philosophe grec du quatrième siècle avant notre ère, Épicure a été célébré de son vivant, mais également dans les siècles qui ont suivi sa mort : il est sans conteste l’un des penseurs les plus influents des derniers siècles de l’Antiquité méditerranéenne et sa popularité, à l’époque, le place sur un pied d’égalité avec les plus grands. On confond souvent l’épicurisme avec l’hédonisme, et en particulier l’hédonisme débridé d’Aristippe de Cyrène (cyrénaïsme). Contrairement à ce que l’on croit souvent, l’épicurisme est une école de simplicité et de modération. Le dialogue socratique: penser soi-même à travers l’Autre. Penser par soi-même à travers l’Autre Apprendre à dialoguer à la manière de Socrate est un sentier ardu, un corps à corps, une incroyable prise de risque, impossible sans la présence d’une profonde confiance.
«Enlève ta chemise, et viens pour le corps à corps !» Nous invite Platon à travers la figure de Socrate. C’est une invitation au dialogue philosophique vu comme un engagement corps et âme. L’enjeu de la pratique du dialogue est d’accepter la chute, de laisser ses opinions, ses certitudes, et de se remettre en question. Peu séduisante peut paraître cette invitation ! Le dialogue philosophique, une affaire d’amour Face à la remise en cause engendrée par le dialogue, seule la confiance donne des ailes. Le risque philosophique Un dialogue philosophique avec l’Autre, avec soi-même, avec la vie, invite à une conversion du regard, à une mort, à un changement dans notre manière de vivre.
Il est difficile de nous avouer que nos pensées sont fragiles, peu assurées, peu fondées. Plato allegory cave 2018. The Cave: An Adaptation of Plato's Allegory in Clay. Nous. This article is about a philosophical term. For the philosophy journal, see Noûs. In philosophy, common English translations include "understanding" and "mind"; or sometimes "thought" or "reason" (in the sense of that which reasons, not the activity of reasoning).[2][3] It is also often described as something equivalent to perception except that it works within the mind ("the mind's eye").[4] It has been suggested that the basic meaning is something like "awareness".[5] In colloquial British English, nous also denotes "good sense", which is close to one everyday meaning it had in Ancient Greece.
This diagram shows the medieval understanding of spheres of the cosmos, derived from Aristotle, and as per the standard explanation by Ptolemy. It came to be understood that at least the outermost sphere (marked "Primũ Mobile") has its own intellect, intelligence or nous - a cosmic equivalent to the human mind. Pre-Socratic usage[edit] The first use of the word nous in the Iliad.
Xenophon[edit] Philia, éros, agapè, storgê. En effet dans les mots “je t’aime” il peut souvent y avoir bien des confusions, des attentes et des sentiments différents ! Le terme amour recouvre quatre sentiments distincts: l’éros, la philia, l’agapè et la storgê. 1. La philia se rapproche de l’amitié telle qu’on l’entend aujourd’hui, c’est une forte estime réciproque entre deux personnes de statuts sociaux proches.C’est une extension de l’amitié. 2.
L’éros désigne l’attirance sexuelle, le désir. 3. Est l’amour du prochain, une relation univoque que l’on rapprocherait aujourd’hui de l’altruisme. 4. Décrit l’amour familial, comme l’amour, l’affection d’un parent pour son enfant. Alors quand on vous dira “je t’aime” sachez traduire ! Benjamin Leplat. L’amour selon Platon et Spinoza | L'antre d'un Lion philosophe. « Qu’est-ce que l’amour ? La tradition philosophique propose essentiellement deux réponses à cette question. Je passe rapidement sur la première, car elle me paraît la moins éclairante, mais il faut la mentionner parce qu’elle est partiellement vraie et historiquement importante. C’est la réponse de Platon, dans Le Banquet. L’amour est désir, explique Socrate, et le désir est manque : « Ce qu’on n’a pas, ce qu’on n’est pas, ce dont on manque, voilà les objets du désir et de l’amour. » J’ajouterais volontiers : et voilà pourquoi il n’y a pas d’amour heureux.
Si l’amour est manque, et dans la mesure où il est manque, nous n’avons guère le choix qu’entre deux positions amoureuses, ou deux positions quant à l’amour. Soit nous aimons celui ou celle que nous n’avons pas, et nous souffrons de ce manque : c’est ce qu’on appelle un chagrin d’amour. Pour Spinoza, l’amour n’est pas manque. Qu’est-ce qui indique que Spinoza a raison contre Platon ? André Comte-Sponville, in Qu’est-ce que l’amour ? SENOFANE: CRITICA ALL’ANTROPOMORFISMO – PHILOSOPHICA & THEOLOGICA.
Uno solo è Dio e tutto fa vibrare con la forza del pensiero Senofane, nativo di Colofone nella Ionia, è vissuto tra la metà del VI e la metà del V secolo a.C. Gli sono attribuiti alcuni frammenti dai quali si deduce che egli abbia preso le distanze dalla religione pubblica, quella cioè degli dei dell’Olimpo. Come è possibile professare la fede in divinità così simili agli uomini, tanto che posseggono i nostri stessi difetti? Ecco cosa ha detto: «Omero ed Esiodo hanno attribuito agli dei tutto quello che per gli uomini è oggetto di vergogna e di biasimo: rubare, commettere adulterio e ingannarsi a vicenda».
In realtà Senofane non si professa ateo, perché alle divinità antropomorfe dell’Olimpo sostituisce un dio sommo ed unico che tutto muove e vivifica con la forza del pensiero: «Uno, dio, tra gli dei e tra gli uomini il più grande, non simile agli uomini né per aspetto né per intelligenza. Lorenzo Cortesi Mi piace: Mi piace Caricamento... Logos, pathos et ethos - Aristote. Pythagoras & Sacred Geometry. Reposted from The Awakening Website Pythagoras was an Ionian Greek philosopher who lived during the time of Buddha, around 570-495 BC. He was born on the island of Samos in the North Agean Sea. Throughout his life, Pythagoras made influential contributions to philosophy and religious teaching, and is often revered as a great mathematician, mystic and scientist.
But only fragments of his writings survive to give clues to all of his many philosophies, the most famous fragment being a compos-ite entitled the Golden Verses. To those who listen to my teaching, more understanding will be given, and they will have an abundance of knowledge. Matthew 13:12 It was the standard belief in antiquity that Pythagoras undertook extensive travels for the sole purpose of accumulating knowledge and wisdom. Upon his return to the Mediterranean, Pythagoras founded Pythagoreanism, a religious movement within which education, science and religion were all perfectly unified. Stoicism and Pain Management: 4 Techniques Practiced By Marcus Aurelius.
This is a guest post by Donald Robertson. Donald is a cognitive-behavioral psychotherapist, trainer, and writer. Robertson has been tirelessly researching Stoicism and applying it in his work for twenty years. He is also the author of the remarkable new book on Marcus Aurelius, How To Think Like a Roman Emperor The Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius knew about using Stoicism to cope with chronic pain and illness. As to my present state of health, you will be able to judge that easily enough from my shaky handwriting.
The Roman historian Cassius Dio confirms that Marcus had problems with his chest. Marcus’ condition probably deteriorated when he had to leave Rome for the first time, following the outbreak of the First Marcomannic War, to assume command of the legions in Upper Pannonia, or modern-day Austria. This difficulty sleeping appears to have troubled him for years, perhaps as a result of his other health problems. He doesn’t mean that Marcus was physically strong. 1. 2. 3. 4. Three Degrees of Wisdom: Epicureanism, Stoicism, and Neoplatonism. Written by Bruce J.
MacLennan, PhD, Contributing Writer, Classical Wisdom Ancient philosophy was a way of life, a pursuit of wisdom in order to live well. As such, the philosophies of the classical world have much to offer us today. But modern students are confronted with the same dilemma as ancient ones: which should you choose? Epicureanism? Although these ancient philosophies often saw one other as opponents, if we concentrate on their spiritual practices, they form a natural progression, each focused on one of the three parts into which Plato divided the soul. This is the perspective I take in my book, The Wisdom of Hypatia: Ancient Spiritual Practices for a More Meaningful Life (Llewellyn, 2013), in which I teach these philosophies as “three degrees of wisdom.”
Epicureanism Therefore, Epicureans classify human desires as either natural (part of human nature), or non-natural (e.g., power, fame, fortune). Moderating desire leads to self-sufficiency, which leads to freedom. Stoicism. Le néoplatonisme. Il Neoplatonismo e le sue origini | Rivista Betile. Alle origini della filosofia cristiana - Lezione 27 Zanichelli. Transcendentals.