Relatively Interesting 24 Logical Fallacies You Should Understand and Avoid - Relatively Interesting. A logical fallacy is a error in reasoning due to a misconception or presumption, which makes the argument invalid.
If, for example, the assumptions of an argument are true, the argument can still be rendered invalid if the logic used to achieve the conclusion are not valid. That is, if the logic is “fallacious”. A collection of bad arguments are called “logical fallacies”. Our brains tend to take shortcuts when solving problems – called “heuristics”. These rules of thumb are handy, and are true some of the time, but they can also lead to cognitive errors when they are substituted for formal logic.
People can easily and unintentionally fall victim to logical fallacies, but can also use them purposefully to seemingly win an argument against another person who doesn’t understand them. A version in text format is below the infographic. Source: It’s all over the web, but couldn’t find the original source. List of fallacies. Types of reasoning that are logically incorrect Because of their variety, fallacies are challenging to classify.
They can be classified by their structure (formal fallacies) or content (informal fallacies). Informal fallacies, the larger group, may then be subdivided into categories such as improper presumption, faulty generalization, error in assigning causation and relevance, among others. The use of fallacies is common when the speaker's goal of achieving common agreement is more important to them than utilizing sound reasoning. When fallacies are used, the premise should be recognized as not well-grounded, the conclusion as unproven (but not necessarily false), and the argument as unsound.[1] Formal fallacies[edit] Propositional fallacies[edit] A propositional fallacy is an error that concerns compound propositions. Quantification fallacies[edit]
How You Can Outsmart Your Own Stupidity. Opposites do best in negotiations. The study shows that opposites – a tough, individualistic negotiator versus a soft, cooperative negotiator – engage more in problem-solving than like-minded negotiators do, whether they are motived for their own gain or for cooperation.
(Photo: Microstock) Negotiations play a key role both in our private life and at work. Most people want the best possible outcome, whether they are thinking of wage negotiations, negotiations on buying or selling goods and services, negotiations for a business agreement or whatever else they might be negotiating. People can enter negotiations with various motives. Two examples: Individualistic motive: Some negotiators focus solely on their own interests and will do everything in their power to secure the best possible outcome for themselves. Rand on Causation and Free Will. Two Takes On 'New Age' Introduction In 1928 a brilliant philosopher/logician from Vienna, Rudolf Carnap, published Der logische Aufbau der Welt, The Logical Structure of the World.
Ten years before, Ludwig Wittgenstein had conceived his highly cryptic Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, “the last philosophical book.” Carnap—and other exponents of the Vienna Circle—elaborated on Wittengstein’s message. Toward the conclusion of his mentioned work (183.Rationalism?) Open Questions and the Reality of ESP. It’s an obvious question, but one not often asked, how does parapsychological research offend the evolutionist or materialist mindset?
Certainly bold statements are made, but where is the real area of offense. One of the critiques most often leveled at research into anomalous perception centers around the idea that researchers in this area of experience posit some sort of supernatural origin for these phenomena. Open Prediction: How Sports Fans Can Help Save The World. Alex Lightman March 12, 2010 You know it’s summer when newsstands across America have an explosion of magazines, typically meant to have shelf-life until fall, on the topic of do-it-yourself prediction.
Over a dozen publications are offered to players of Fantasy Football, itself a $5 billion a year business, to help them create and manage teams that use statistics generated by actual games to determine who wins the fantasy games. Is it possible that this fall these fans could be the innovators and early adopters of a new and novel way to make predictions as entertainment in a variety of fields that are more vital to real world concerns, such as prices, markets, wars and weather? How Nazis turn youths into extremists. 'Lunikoff' is a right-wing extremist band which spreads its political message on Youtube and other social media.
The band is part of the German far right’s new media strategy, which aims to create small communities around various kinds of music online. The music contains a right-wing extremist message, which aims to influence young music fans. The Cocksure Versus the Intelligent. Yesterday, nearly two thousand people “liked” this quote posted by Big Think on Facebook: Several subscribers appreciated the irony in Russell’s quip.
The True Superhumans Are Already Among Us. We used to think of “superhumans” as comic book heroes possessing extraordinary, even divine-like powers.
Now, we are realizing that the true superhumans are already among us – they are the extraordinary Paralympians who are actively embracing technology as a way to transform their “disabilities” into “super-abilities.” To emphasize this point, the promotional video for UK Channel 4's coverage of the 2012 Paralympic Games in London is called “Meet the Superhumans.” Experimental Philosopher to Clone Obama, Lady Gaga, and Other Celebrities. What if you could replicate President Obama's famous cool, Lady Gaga's style and Michael Phelps's athleticism?
In the Shadow of Hegel: How Does Thought Arise Out of Matter? What's the Big Idea? Before neuroscience and quantum physics, there was Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. The 19th century German idealist revolutionized Western thought, and every great thinker since has been working in his shadow, says Slavoj Žižek, the Slovenian philosopher and cultural critic. Watch the video interview: Often seen as a precursor to Marxists and existentialists, Hegel believed that knowledge is not static, but dynamic.
In the Hegelian framework, history is a process in which many paradoxes interact and are then synthesized into a unified whole. But what does it mean in a world where cognitive scientists can see brain function on an fMRI scan, capture the visual data, and reassemble it into videos using quantitative modeling?