Kreuzzug. Symbolische Darstellung der Eroberung Jerusalems (12.-14.
Jahrhundert) Die Kreuzzüge seitens des „christlichen Abendlandes“ waren strategisch, religiös und wirtschaftlich motivierte Kriege zwischen 1095/99 und dem 13. Jahrhundert. Im engeren Sinne werden unter den Kreuzzügen nur die in dieser Zeit geführten Orientkreuzzüge verstanden, die sich gegen die muslimischen Staaten im Nahen Osten richteten. Nach dem Ersten Kreuzzug wurde der Begriff „Kreuzzug“ auch auf andere militärische Aktionen ausgeweitet, deren Ziel nicht das Heilige Land war. Vorbemerkungen Allgemeines Kreuzzüge Dem Ersten Kreuzzug war ein Hilferuf des byzantinischen Kaisers Alexios I.
Die Kreuzzüge wurden nach kurzer Zeit auch zur Verwirklichung rein weltlicher Machtinteressen instrumentalisiert, insbesondere solcher, die gegen das Byzantinische Reich gerichtet waren. Grundlage des Kreuzzugsaufrufs Zeitgenössische Kritik an den Kreuzzügen Besonders ab Ende des 13. Kontroversen in der Geschichtswissenschaft Religiöse Motive. Category:Crusades – Wikimedia Commons. Abbrechen Bearbeiten Löschen Vorschau zurücksetzen Text der Notiz (darf Wiki markup beinhalten) Die Notiz konnte nicht gespeichert werden (Bearbeitungskonflikt oder anderes Problem).
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Includes the Catholic Encyclopedia, Church Fathers, Summa, Bible and more — all for only $19.99... The Crusades were expeditions undertaken, in fulfilment of a solemn vow, to deliver the Holy Places from Mohammedan tyranny. The origin of the word may be traced to the cross made of cloth and worn as a badge on the outer garment of those who took part in these enterprises.
Medieval writers use the terms crux (pro cruce transmarina, Charter of 1284, cited by Du Cange s.v. crux), croisement (Joinville), croiserie (Monstrelet), etc. A History of the Crusades. History: Search Results. Internet History Sourcebooks. Internet Medieval Sourcebook.
UNF Crusades: Bibliography. Folda, Jaroslav.
"The Fourth Crusade: Some Reconsiderations. " Byzantinoslavica 26 (1965) *Fotheringham, J.K. "Genoa and the Fourth Crusade. " English Historical Review 25 (1910) [Available online via JSTOR] *Godfrey, J. Kreuzzug/Briefe. Letters of the Crusaders Written from the Holy Land ["Letters of the Crusaders Written from the Holy Land," in Translations and Reprints from the Original Sources of European History, Dana Carlton Munro, tr. and ed., vol. 1, no. 4 (Philadelphia: Department of history of the university of Pennsylvania, 1900), pp. 1-40] Many letters relative to the crusades have been preserved.
Undoubtedly, the most valuable are those which were wntten by eye-witnesses of the events recorded, and which have come down to us in epistolary form. Knights Templar History. Templars by the Numbers Historical accounts tell that in 1307 when the king of France went after the Order of the Temple, there were approximately 15,000 Templars.
Of these, about 3,000 were knights, 1,000 squires, and 3,000 sergeants. The rest were priests, masons, smiths, medical personnel, lawyers, financiers, clerks, cooks, farmers, and assorted other occupations. During the time the Templars were in the Holy Land, there were also "Associates," noblemen who served for some time in the Templars as punishment for a crime and did not take vows, but had to live like monks nevertheless. They underwent training and joined in fighting if deemed able, not as knights but in a lesser capacity. The numbers in the Templar Order didn’t vary significantly in the last two decades prior to 1307 that they were in existence.
Templars’ lives were austere and simple. Templar Types Knights came from the middle and lower nobility, and sergeants from the merchant and working class. The Crusades from the Perspective of Byzantium and the Muslim World. The Crusades from the Perspective of Byzantium and the Muslim World is the result of scholarly reassessments of the Crusades on the 900th anniversary of the appearance of crusading armies outside Nicaea.
The views expressed here complement the considerable number of other examinations that focused on the internal, Western, aspects of the movement on the 900th anniversary of the Council of Clermont. The volume opens with an introduction to the historiography of the Crusades, followed by wide-ranging discussions covering four topics: holy war in Byzantium and Islam; the approaches and attitudes of the various peoples affected by and involved in the Crusades; the movement's effect on the economies of the eastern Mediterranean; and the influence of the Crusades on the art and architecture of the East.
Published 2001 This book is currently unavailable in print. Contents Preface I Introduction. Arab-Islamic history. Pre-Islamic Arabia The original Arab, the Bedouin by Philip K Hitti (from "The Arabs: A Short History") Ancient accounts of Arabia (from the Internet Ancient History Sourcebook)
