Kreuzzug. Symbolische Darstellung der Eroberung Jerusalems (12.-14. Jahrhundert) Die Kreuzzüge seitens des „christlichen Abendlandes“ waren strategisch, religiös und wirtschaftlich motivierte Kriege zwischen 1095/99 und dem 13. Jahrhundert. Im engeren Sinne werden unter den Kreuzzügen nur die in dieser Zeit geführten Orientkreuzzüge verstanden, die sich gegen die muslimischen Staaten im Nahen Osten richteten. Nach dem Ersten Kreuzzug wurde der Begriff „Kreuzzug“ auch auf andere militärische Aktionen ausgeweitet, deren Ziel nicht das Heilige Land war. In diesem erweiterten Sinne werden auch die Feldzüge gegen nicht christianisierte Völker wie Wenden, Finnen und Balten, gegen Ketzer wie die Albigenser und gegen die Ostkirche dazu gezählt. Vereinzelt wurde von den Päpsten sogar ein Kreuzzug gegen politische (christliche) Gegner ausgerufen.
Vorbemerkungen Allgemeines Kreuzzüge Dem Ersten Kreuzzug war ein Hilferuf des byzantinischen Kaisers Alexios I. Grundlage des Kreuzzugsaufrufs Religiöse Motive. Category:Crusades – Wikimedia Commons. Abbrechen Bearbeiten Löschen Vorschau zurücksetzen Text der Notiz (darf Wiki markup beinhalten) Die Notiz konnte nicht gespeichert werden (Bearbeitungskonflikt oder anderes Problem). Kopiere bitte den Text im Textfeld und füge ihn von Hand ein, indem Du diese Seite bearbeitest.
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Add a note Draw a rectangle onto the image above (press the left mouse button, then drag and release). Save To modify annotations, your browser needs to have the XMLHttpRequest object. Crusades. Help support New Advent and get the full contents of this website as an instant download. Includes the Catholic Encyclopedia, Church Fathers, Summa, Bible and more — all for only $19.99... The Crusades were expeditions undertaken, in fulfilment of a solemn vow, to deliver the Holy Places from Mohammedan tyranny. The origin of the word may be traced to the cross made of cloth and worn as a badge on the outer garment of those who took part in these enterprises. Medieval writers use the terms crux (pro cruce transmarina, Charter of 1284, cited by Du Cange s.v. crux), croisement (Joinville), croiserie (Monstrelet), etc.
The idea of the crusade corresponds to a political conception which was realized in Christendom only from the eleventh to the fifteenth century; this supposes a union of all peoples and sovereigns under the direction of the popes. Division It has been customary to describe the Crusades as eight in number: I. Origin of the Crusades Foundation of Christian states in the east. A History of the Crusades | The History Collection. History: Search Results. Internet History Sourcebooks. Internet Medieval Sourcebook Selected Sources: The Crusades Contents General Background The First Crusade Urban II's Speech, 1095 Attacks on the Jews The Journeys and Battles of the Crusade The Historians of the First Crusade The Kingdom of Jerusalem Government Economics Cultures Christian Muslim Interaction The Crusader Orders General Templars Hospitallers Teutonic Knights The Second Crusade and Aftermath Calling the Crusade Successes and Failures Criticism of the Crusade The Third Crusade Latin Problems The Loss of Jerusalem The Failure of Europe's Monarchs The German Crusade of 1197 The Fourth Crusade The Fifth and Later Crusades St Louis' Crusades The Fall of the Latin East The Effects of the Crusade Ideal in the West General WEB ORB: Crusades [At ORB] for a brief modern account of the crusading movement.
Background Leo IV (r.847-855): Forgiveness of Sins for Those Who Dies in Battle, c.850. John VIII (r. 872-882): Indulgence for Fighting the Heathen, 878. UNF Crusades: Bibliography. Folda, Jaroslav. "The Fourth Crusade: Some Reconsiderations. " Byzantinoslavica 26 (1965) *Fotheringham, J.K. "Genoa and the Fourth Crusade. " *Godfrey, J. *Godfrey, John. 1204, The Unholy Crusade. *Harris, Jonathan. Madden, Thomas. *McNeal, Edgar H. and Robert Lee Wolf. *Morris, C. Pears, E. *Queller, Donald E. *Queller, Donald E. and G.W.
$Queller, Donald E. *Queller, Donald. Schmandt, R.H. *Swietek, Francis R. $Tillman, Helene. *Wolff, Robert L. Sources *Christian society and the Crusades, 1198-1229: Sources in Translation, including The Capture of Damietta by Oliver of Paderborn. *Constitutions Regni Siciliae. $Philippe of Novara, 13th century. Secondary Literature *Abulafia, David. *Powell, James M. *Powell, James M. Donovan, Joseph Patrick. *Kantorowicz, Ernst. *Rousseau, Constance M. . *Van Cleve, Thomas C. *Van Cleve, Thomas. *Al- Makrisi. *Jean de Joinville, c.1224-c1317. *Jean de Joinville, c.1224-c1317: Life of St. *Jean de Joinville, c.1224-c1317. *Jordan, William C. Perry, F. Kreuzzug/Briefe. Letters of the Crusaders Written from the Holy Land ["Letters of the Crusaders Written from the Holy Land," in Translations and Reprints from the Original Sources of European History, Dana Carlton Munro, tr. and ed., vol. 1, no. 4 (Philadelphia: Department of history of the university of Pennsylvania, 1900), pp. 1-40] Many letters relative to the crusades have been preserved.
Undoubtedly, the most valuable are those which were wntten by eye-witnesses of the events recorded, and which have come down to us in epistolary form. "These are in general the most precious documents for the history of the crusades. For in their day they plaved the part of the despatches and military bulletins of our day, and they transmit to us faithfully the impression which the events themselves made upon those who had taken part in them. " Of these a few have been selected for translation.here. 1. But passing over these things, let us return to what we promised. 2. 3. THE SECOND CRUSADE. 1. Knights Templar History. Templars by the Numbers Historical accounts tell that in 1307 when the king of France went after the Order of the Temple, there were approximately 15,000 Templars. Of these, about 3,000 were knights, 1,000 squires, and 3,000 sergeants. The rest were priests, masons, smiths, medical personnel, lawyers, financiers, clerks, cooks, farmers, and assorted other occupations.
During the time the Templars were in the Holy Land, there were also "Associates," noblemen who served for some time in the Templars as punishment for a crime and did not take vows, but had to live like monks nevertheless. They underwent training and joined in fighting if deemed able, not as knights but in a lesser capacity. Most likely, there was a special place in the ranks for them. The numbers in the Templar Order didn’t vary significantly in the last two decades prior to 1307 that they were in existence.
Templars’ lives were austere and simple. Templar Types Pages became squires and squires became knights. The Charges. The Crusades from the Perspective of Byzantium and the Muslim World. The Crusades from the Perspective of Byzantium and the Muslim World is the result of scholarly reassessments of the Crusades on the 900th anniversary of the appearance of crusading armies outside Nicaea. The views expressed here complement the considerable number of other examinations that focused on the internal, Western, aspects of the movement on the 900th anniversary of the Council of Clermont. The volume opens with an introduction to the historiography of the Crusades, followed by wide-ranging discussions covering four topics: holy war in Byzantium and Islam; the approaches and attitudes of the various peoples affected by and involved in the Crusades; the movement's effect on the economies of the eastern Mediterranean; and the influence of the Crusades on the art and architecture of the East.
Published 2001 This book is currently unavailable in print. Contents Preface I Introduction Giles Constable, The Historiography of the Crusades II Crusades and Holy War George T. M. Robert W. Tia M. Arab-Islamic history. Pre-Islamic Arabia The original Arab, the Bedouin by Philip K Hitti (from "The Arabs: A Short History") Ancient accounts of Arabia (from the Internet Ancient History Sourcebook) Herodotus, c. 430 BCE Strabo, c. 22 CE Dio Cassius, c. 220 CE Ammianus Marcellinus, c. 380 CE Procopius of Caesarea, c. 550 CE Pre-Islamic Arabic culture The desert origins of the Arabs, by Richard Hooker [World Cultures website] Byzantium and the Arabs in the Fifth Century by Irfan Shahid (Dumbarton Oaks Research Library, Washington DC) The birth of Islam Muhammad, The Prophet of Allah by Philip K.
Muhammadby Maxime Rodinson (Pantheon Books, 1980) Muhammad: Prophet and Statesmanby Montgomery Watt (Oxford University Press, 1961) Meccan trade and the rise of Islamby Patricia Crone (from "The Rise of Islam", Princeton University Press, 1987) Muhammad and the origins of Islam, by Richard Hooker [World Cultures website] Selections from the "Life of Muhammad"Ibn Ishaq (died c.773 CE): Muhammad the Prophetby Prof. The Crusades.