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PRJT. Chemguide: helping you to understand Chemistry - Main Menu. Predicting Bond Type. Predicting Bond Type Previous Page: Naming Molecules When two (or, in reality many, many, many) sodium atoms get together they pool their valence electrons. When two (or, in reality exactly two) fluorine atoms approach, they each grab onto one of the other’s valence electrons, without letting go of their valence electron grabbed by the other. (Picture two Tasmanian Devils, each with their teeth in their own piece of rabbit and their claws into the other's bit of rabbit.)
When one sodium atom and one fluorine atom bond, sodium passes a valence electron to fluorine. Now notice the location of these two elements in the periodic table. As a rule, elements to the left (metals) pool electrons with each other (metallic bonds), elements on the right (non-metals) share electrons with each other (covalent bonds) and elements on the left tend to donate electrons to elements on the right (ionic bonds).
Consider, however, carbon (C) and chlorine (Cl). Next Page: Comparing Bond Types Link to Index. Simplest Formula from Percent Composition - Worked Simplest Formula Chemistry Problem. This is a worked example chemistry problem to calculate the simplest formula from the percent composition. Problem Vitamin C contains three elements: carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Analysis of pure vitamin C indicates that the elements are present in the following mass percentages: Use the data to determine the simplest formula for vitamin C. Solution We want to find the number of moles of each element in order to determine the ratios of the elements and the formula.
To make the calculation easy (i.e., let the percentages convert directly to grams), let's assume we have 100 g of vitamin C. H is 1.01 C is 12.01 O is 16.00 The atomic masses provide a moles per gram conversion factor. Moles C = 40.9 g C x 1 mol C / 12.01 g C = 3.41 mol C moles H = 4.58 g H x 1 mol H / 1.01 g H = 4.53 mol H moles O = 54.5 g O x 1 mol O / 16.00 g O = 3.41 mol O The numbers of moles of each element are in the same ratio as the number of atoms C, H, and O in vitamin C.
Answer. Common Chemicals and Where to Find Them. Chemistry Experiments & Demonstrations You Can Do at Home. Here are some do-it-at-home chemistry experiments. Some are for home schooling, some are for fun, some involve cooking, and some are ill-advised. Top Chemistry Projects You Can Do at HomeDon't worry if you don't have a chemistry lab.
These projects use materials you can find around the house. Common Chemicals and Where to Find ThemThis is a list of common chemicals and where you can find them. Kitchen Science ExperimentsDo you want to explore science, but can't find or can't afford chemicals? Best Crystals for BeginnersAre you interested in growing crystals, but unsure where to start? Safe Science ExperimentsMany fun and interesting science experiments are also safe for kids. Smoke Bomb RecipesSmoke bombs are easy and fun to make and light. Home Science Projects - Reader FavoritesThere are a lot of interesting and educational science projects that you can do at home. Household Product RecipesYou can use home chemistry to make many of the everyday household products that you use.
Chemistry - HowTos. How To Do Paper Chromatography With Leaves Learn how to separate plant pigments using paper chromatography. How To Make Slime This is a classic recipe for homemade slime. How To Make Copper and Brass Cleaner Use these instructions to make your own copper, brass and bronze cleaner. How To Make a Sparkler Learn how to make your own sparklers, for Independence Day or New Years Day fun. How To Perform a Quick Saponification Reaction Step-by-step instructions for a quick saponification reaction using methyl salicylate and sodium hydroxide. How To Grow Silver Crystals Learn how to grow silver crystals using silver nitrate and copper wire or mercury.
How To Make Your Own Wave Tank Learn how to make your own nontoxic wave tank using water, mineral oil, and food coloring. How To Write a Bibliography for a Science Fair Project Learn how to cite sources in a bibliography for your science fair project. How To Water - Wine - Milk - Beer Chemistry Demonstration How To Perform the Instant Fire Chemistry Demonstration. Household Product Testing - Science Fair Project Ideas. When you are looking for a science fair project idea, one of the of the biggest obstacles is coming up with a project that uses readily available materials.
Science doesn't have to be complicated or expensive or use specialized laboratory equipment. There are great projects that use common household products. Use these questions to help trigger more science fair project ideas. Who knows... maybe you have a lucrative career in consumer product testing in your future! If you use invisible ink (several recipes in the how-to section), does a message appear equally well on all types of paper?
Does it matter what type of invisible ink you use? Do all brands of diapers absorb the same amount of liquid? Do you have other household product science fair project ideas that you would like to share? Recent Chemistry Articles.
Lecture Slide Index. Library of Modules. BALANCING EQUATIONS. Molecules. Msrmnts. Elements. Compounds. The pH Nutrition Guide to Acid / Alkaline Balance page 5. Home. Common Compound Library A searchable database of over 800 common compound names, formulas, structures, and properties. Companion Notes Hyperlinked notes and guides for first semester general chemistry. Construction Kits Flash-based kits for building chemical formulas, names, equations, and problem solutions.
Articles Featured articles, books, and tutorials. Toolbox Interactive graphing, popup tables, and calculators. Tutorials Index of self-guided tutorials, quizzes, and drills on specific topics. Simulations. Education Materials. Lesson Plans: Supernova Chemistry. Objective Students will observe visible spectra of known elements and identify an unknown element or combination of elements by visible spectra. Grade level Grades 9 - 12 Subjects Astronomy, Chemistry, and Physics Prerequisites Math Students should be proficient in Algebra, especially in the areas of pattern recognition and the metric system of measurement.
Science Students should have had an introduction to the electromagnetic spectrum, the concepts of wavelength, frequency, and quantization of energy. Engagement Students view the slide presentation "The Sky at Many Wavelengths" and write at least five questions about the ideas presented in this slide show. Society of the Pacific at: Astronomical Society of the Pacific (ASP) 390 Ashton Avenue San Francisco CA 94112 Phone: 415-337-1100 For Orders: 1-800-335-2624 E-mail: catalog@aspsky.org URL: Alternatively, students can view the High-Energy Astrophysics Learning Center's Multiwavelength Astronomy page on the Crab Nebula.
IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry. The IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry is a systematic method of naming organic chemical compounds as recommended[1] by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). Ideally, every possible organic compound should have a name from which an unambiguous structural formula can be created. For ordinary communication, to spare a tedious description, the official IUPAC naming recommendations are not always followed in practice, except when it is necessary to give a concise definition to a compound[vague], or when the IUPAC name is simpler (e.g. ethanol instead of ethyl alcohol). Otherwise the common or trivial name may be used, often derived from the source of the compound (see below). In addition, very long names may be less concise than structural formulae.
Basic principles In chemistry, a number of prefixes, suffixes and infixes are used to describe the type and position of functional groups in the compound. The steps to naming an organic compound are: Alkanes Alcohols. Stoichiometry. Stoichiometry (pron.: /ˌstɔɪkiˈɒmɨtri/) is a branch of chemistry that deals with the relative quantities of reactants and products in chemical reactions.
In a balanced chemical reaction, the relations among quantities of reactants and products typically form a ratio of positive integers. For example, in a reaction that forms ammonia (NH3), exactly one molecule of nitrogen (N2) reacts with three molecules of hydrogen (H2) to produce two molecules of NH3: Stoichiometry can be used to determine quantities such as the amount of products (in mass, moles, volume, etc.) that can be produced with given reactants and percent yield (the percentage of the given reactant that is made into the product). Stoichiometry calculations can predict how elements and components diluted in a standard solution react in experimental conditions. Stoichiometry is founded on the law of conservation of mass: the mass of the reactants equals the mass of the products. Etymology Definition , doubly methylated or rows and.