Levant. The Levant (/ləˈvænt/), also known as the Eastern Mediterranean, is a geographic and cultural region consisting of the "eastern Mediterranean littoral between Anatolia and Egypt".[2] The Levant today consists of Cyprus, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Northern Cyprus, Syria, Palestine, and part of southern Turkey (the former Aleppo Vilayet). Precise definitions have varied over time, and the term originally had a broader and less well-defined usage.[3] The Levant has been described as the "crossroads of western Asia, the eastern Mediterranean and northeast Africa".[4] Etymology[edit] The notion of the Levant has undergone a dynamic process of historical evolution in usage, meaning, and understanding.
While the term "Levantine" originally referred to the European residents of the eastern Mediterranean region, it later came to refer to regional "native" and "minority" groups.[7] Early European usage[edit] Since World War I[edit] Since World War II[edit] People[edit] Language[edit] Culture[edit] Other. Arcade (architecture) Origin late 17th century: from French, from Provençal arcada or Italian arcata, based on Latin arcus, ‘bow’ (see arc and arch).[3] In Gothic architecture, the arcade can be located in the interior, in the lowest part of the wall of the nave, supporting the triforium and the clerestory in a cathedral,[4] or on the exterior, in which they are usually part of the walkways that surround the courtyard and cloisters. Inside the Covered Market, Oxford, England. European and North American shopping arcades resemble the bazaars and souks of Asia and North Africa. One of the earliest examples of a European shopping arcade, the Covered Market, Oxford, England was officially opened on 1 November 1774 and is still active today.
The Covered Market was started in response to a general wish to clear "untidy, messy and unsavoury stalls" from the main streets of central Oxford. John Gwynn, the architect of Magdalen Bridge, drew up the plans and designed the High Street front with its four entrances. Silver Arcade. Interior of the Silver Arcade Silver Arcade is a Grade II listed building in the centre of Leicester, England. A former shopping arcade, Silver Arcade was built by Amos Hall in 1889. The top floor was closed off in 2000, leaving the units on the ground floor occupied by a number of independent retailers. In 2008, the centre was the focus of a campaign by the Leicester Civic Society to reopen it.[1] In 2010, plans were announced to reopen the top floors.[2] Coordinates: Women's Royal Naval Service. A WRNS rating during the Second World War Two Ordnance Wrens in Liverpool reassemble a section of a pom-pom gun during the Second World War.
The Women's Royal Naval Service (WRNS; popularly and officially known as the Wrens) was the women's branch of the Royal Navy. First formed in 1917 for the First World War, it was disbanded in 1919, then revived in 1939 at the beginning of the Second World War, remaining active until integrated into the Royal Navy in 1993. History[edit] WRNS was revived in 1939 at the beginning of the Second World War, with an expanded list of allowable activities, including flying transport planes. At its peak in 1944 it had 75,000 people. During the war there were 100 deaths. It remained in existence after the war and was finally integrated into the regular Royal Navy in 1993.
Ranks and uniform[edit] The WRNS had its own ranking system, which it retained until amalgamation into the Royal Navy in 1993. Ratings' titles were suffixed with their trade (e.g. See also[edit] Women's Royal Naval Service. St Mary le Strand. History[edit] The church is the second to have been called St Mary le Strand, the first having been situated a short distance to the south. The date of its foundation is unclear but it was mentioned in a judgment of 1222, when it was called the Church of the Innocents, or St Mary and the Innocents.[1] It was pulled down in 1549 by Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset to make way for Somerset House.
The parishioners were promised a new church, which was never built, forcing them to move to the nearby church of St Clement Danes and afterwards to the Savoy Chapel.[2] The site now occupied by the modern church was formerly occupied by a great maypole which had been the scene of May Day festivities in the 16th and 17th century but was severely decayed by the early 18th century. The new St Mary le Strand was the first of the fifty new churches built in London under the Commission for Building Fifty New Churches, at a cost of some £16,000. Architecture[edit] The architecture of St. Jump up ^ G. Adelphi, London. The Adam Brothers' Adelphi (1768–72) was London's first neo-classical building. Eleven large houses fronted a vaulted terrace, with wharves beneath. Adelphi (Greek: adelphoi, "brothers") is a district of the City of Westminster in London.[1] The small district includes the streets of Adelphi Terrace, Robert Street and John Adam Street.[1] Adelphi Buildings[edit] The art deco Adelphi building from the 1930s, located at 1-10 John Adam Street Notable residents[edit] in media[edit] The Adelphi building was used for some scenes in ITV's Agatha Christie's Poirot episode The Theft of the Royal Ruby .[5] References[edit] Further reading[edit] Brereton, Austin.
See also[edit] List of demolished buildings and structures in London Coordinates: Peristyle. Reconstruction of a Roman peristylum (peristyle) and peristylium (courtyard) of Pompeii. Peristyle of the Diocletian palace in Split, Croatia. R. Adam 1764 Peristyle of the Grand Trianon. In Hellenistic Greek[1] and Roman architecture[2] a peristyle is a columned porch or open colonnade in a building surrounding a court that may contain an internal garden.
Tetrastoon (pronounced /tetrastohon/, from Greek τετράστῳον, "four arcades") is another name for this feature. In the Christian ecclesiastical architecture that developed from Roman precedents, a basilica, such as Old St Peter's in Rome, would stand behind a peristyle forecourt that sheltered it from the street. In Roman architecture[edit] In rural settings a wealthy Roman could surround a villa with terraced gardens; within the city Romans created their gardens inside the domus. Other uses[edit] See also[edit] Notes[edit] Jump up ^ J.A. External links[edit] Barbara McManus, "The Peristylium": a reconstruction of a peristyle. Portico. Under the portico of the Pantheon Temple diagram with location of the pronaos highlighted A portico (from Italian) is a porch leading to the entrance of a building, or extended as a colonnade, with a roof structure over a walkway, supported by columns or enclosed by walls.
This idea was widely used in Ancient Greece and has influenced many cultures, including most Western cultures. Some noteworthy examples of porticos are the East Portico of the United States Capitol, the portico adorning the Pantheon in Rome and the portico of University College London. Bologna, Italy, is famous for its porticos. In total, there are over 45 km (28 mi) of arcades, some 38 in the city center. Palladio was a pioneer of using temple-fronts for secular buildings.
Pronaos[edit] A pronaos (UK /proʊˈneɪ.ɒs/ or US /proʊˈneɪ.əs/) is the inner area of the portico of a Greek or Roman temple, situated between the portico's colonnade or walls and the entrance to the cella, or shrine. Types of portico[edit] See also[edit] List of demolished buildings and structures in London. This list of demolished buildings and structures in London lists buildings, structures and urban scenes of particular architectural, historical, scenic or social interest in central London which are preserved in old photographs, prints and paintings, but which have been demolished or were destroyed by bombing in World War II.
Only a small number of the most notable buildings are listed, out of the many thousands which have been demolished. Buildings[edit] See also[edit] References[edit] Jump up ^ "Bethlem Hospital (Imperial War Museum)" British History Online. Retrieved May 3, 2012.Jump up ^ "Bridewell Palace" Pastscape. Retrieved March 31, 2012.Jump up ^ "Carpenters' Hall" The Carpenters' Company. At Her Majesty's pleasure. At Her Majesty's pleasure (sometimes abbreviated to Queen's pleasure or, when appropriate, at His Majesty's pleasure or King's pleasure) is a legal term of art referring to the indeterminate length of service of certain appointed officials or the indeterminate sentences of some prisoners.
It is based on the concept that all legitimate authority for government comes from the Crown. Originating in the United Kingdom, it is now used throughout the Commonwealth realms. In realms where the monarch is represented by a Governor-General, the phrase may be modified to be at the Governor's pleasure, since the governor-general, governor, or lieutenant governor is the Queen's personal representative in the country, state or province. Service to the Crown[edit] Incarceration[edit] Derivatives[edit] In Botswana, it became "during the President's pleasure".[9] See also[edit] References[edit]
History of the Metropolitan Police Service. The history of the Metropolitan Police Service is long and complex, with many different events taking place between its inception in 1829 to the present day. Policing in London before 1829[edit] Before the passing of the Metropolitan Police Act, law enforcement among the general population in England was carried out by unpaid parish constables who were elected, and later appointed by the local justice of the peace. In certain circumstances, such as serious public disorder, the army would intervene to support the local authorities; yeomanry were extensively used for this purpose before police forces developed.
Because this system of policing was largely unorganised and lacked a criminal investigation capability, the novelist Henry Fielding (who had been appointed a Magistrate in 1748) introduced the first detective force, known as the Bow Street Runners, in 1753. Fielding's house at 4 Bow Street had been established as a courtroom by the previous owner, in 1739. The new police[edit] City of London Police. The City of London Police is the territorial police force responsible for law enforcement within the City of London, including the Middle and Inner Temples.
The force responsible for law enforcement within the remainder of Greater London, outside of the City, is the Metropolitan Police Service, a separate organisation. The City of London, which is now primarily a financial business district with a small resident population but a large commuting workforce, is the historic core of London, and has an administrative history distinct from that of the rest of the metropolis, of which its separate police force is one manifestation. The City of London area has a resident population of around 7,400.[2] There is a daily influx of approximately 300,000 commuters into the City with an additional 300,000 cars passing through the "Square Mile" each day, along with thousands of tourists.[4] History of policing in the City[edit] Policing in the City of London has existed since Roman times. Uniform[edit] Guildhall Library Manuscripts Section - Strong, Somerset and Sharp - liberating black slaves in England.
Pen and Sword Books. Unsolved London Murders: The 1920s and 1930s - Jonathan Oates. Color guard. History[edit] As armies became trained and adopted set formations, each regiment's ability to keep its formation was potentially critical to its, and therefore its army's, success. In the chaos of battle, not least due to the amount of dust and smoke on a battlefield, soldiers needed to be able to determine where their regiment was. Flags and banners have been used by many armies in battle to serve this purpose. Regimental flags were generally awarded to a regiment by a head-of-State during a ceremony and Colors may be inscribed with battle honours or other symbols representing former achievements. Due to the advent of modern weapons, and subsequent changes in tactics, Colors are no longer used in battle, but continue to be carried by Color Guards at events of formal character.
Current use[edit] Britain and the Commonwealth[edit] Colour Sergeants carrying riflesEnsignsSergeant of the GuardColour Sergeant Major behind the colour Colour Sergeant of the Welsh Guards. Colour Sgts. and Ensign. Basil Fawlty. Basil Fawlty is the main character of the British sitcom Fawlty Towers, played by John Cleese. Basil has become an iconic British comedy character, despite only twelve half-hour episodes ever being made. Personality[edit] Fawlty, who runs the titular hotel in Torquay, is a misanthropic, paranoid bully who is desperate to belong to a higher social class. He sees the successful running of the hotel as a means of achieving this dream, yet his job requires him to be pleasant to people he despises. The episode "Communication Problems" establishes that he is from Swanage.
Basil has strong right-wing views regarding almost everything he comes across. He is terrified of his wife's sharp tongue, but wishes to stand up to her, and his plans often conflict with hers. Basil is known to have served in the British Army during the Korean War, possibly as part of his National Service. Origins[edit] Libel case[edit] Cultural references[edit] References[edit] FitzRoy Somerset, 1st Baron Raglan. Early life[edit] Military career[edit] FitzRoy James Henry Somerset, by William Haines Somerset also saw action during the Hundred Days: he served on Wellington's staff at the Battle of Quatre Bras in June 1815 and at the Battle of Waterloo in later that month (where he had to have his right arm amputated[7] and then demanded his arm back so he could retrieve the ring that his wife had given him).[8] Promoted to colonel and appointed an aide-de-camp to the Prince Regent on 28 August 1815,[9] he was appointed a Knight of the Bavarian Military Order of Max Joseph on 3 October 1815.[10] He remained with the Army of Occupation in France until May 1816 when he returned to the post of secretary at the British Embassy in Paris.[11] Crimean War[edit] Field Marshal Fitzroy Somerset, 1st Baron Raglan, 1855 Emily Harriet Wellesley-Pole, Lady FitzRoy Somerset (after Thomas Lawrence) Blue plaque at Stanhope Gate, London Family[edit] See also[edit] Raglan sleeve References[edit]
British History. Bethlem Royal Hospital. British Army and Royal Navy Military Uniform Buttons of the Napoleonic Wars (War of 1812) 93rd (Sutherland Highlanders) Regiment of Foot. Foxhound Registration. Masters of Foxhounds Association. British History Online. A Vision of Britain through Time | Your national on-line library for local history | Maps, Statistics, Travel Writing and more.
Census records. Education. Treasures from The National Archives.