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Defence mechanism. In psychology, defense mechanisms are unconscious coping mechanisms that reduce anxiety generated by threats from unacceptable impulses.[1] Defence mechanisms, which are unconscious, are not to be confused with conscious coping strategies.[2] Sigmund Freud was one of the first proponents of this construct.[3] Healthy persons normally use different defences throughout life. An ego defence mechanism becomes pathological only when its persistent use leads to maladaptive behaviour such that the physical or mental health of the individual is adversely affected. The purpose of ego defence mechanisms is to protect the mind/self/ego from anxiety and/or social sanctions and/or to provide a refuge from a situation with which one cannot currently cope.[9] One resource used to evaluate these mechanisms is the Defense Style Questionnaire (DSQ-40).[10][11] Structural model: Id, ego, and superego[edit] The iceberg metaphor is often used to explain the psyche's parts in relation to one another.
Otto F. Somatization. Somatization is a tendency to experience and communicate psychological distress in the form of somatic symptoms and to seek medical help for them.[1][2] More commonly expressed, it is the generation of physical symptoms of a psychiatric condition such as anxiety.[3] The term somatization was introduced by Wilhelm Stekel in 1924.[4] Somatization is a worldwide phenomenon.[5] A somatization spectrum can be identified, up to and including at one extreme somatization disorder.
[clarification needed][6] Related psychological conditions[edit] Somatization can be, but is not always, related to a psychological condition such as:[7] The American Psychiatric Association (APA) has classified somatoform disorders in the DSM-IV and the World Health Organization (WHO) have classified these in the ICD-10. Both classification systems use similar criteria. Ego defense[edit] Children[edit] Treatment[edit] Cultural examples[edit] See also[edit] References[edit] Jump up ^ Lipowski ZJ (1988).
External links[edit] Crowdsourcing. Individual and group rights. Group rights, also known as collective rights, are rights held by a group qua group rather than by its members severally;[1] in contrast, individual rights are rights held by individual people; even if they are group-differentiated, which most rights are, they remain individual rights if the right-holders are the individuals themselves.[2] Group rights have historically been used both to infringe upon and to facilitate individual rights, and the concept remains controversial.[3] Overview[edit] In Western discourse, individual rights are often associated with political and economic freedom, whereas group rights are associated with social control.
This is because in the West the establishment of individual rights is associated with equality before the law and protection from the state. [citation needed] Examples of this are the Magna Carta, in which the English King accepted that his will could be bound by the law and certain rights of the King's subjects were explicitly protected. Abstraction. Abstraction is a process by which concepts are derived from the usage and classification of literal ("real" or "concrete") concepts, first principles, or other methods. "An abstraction" is the product of this process—a concept that acts as a super-categorical noun for all subordinate concepts, and connects any related concepts as a group, field, or category.[1] Abstractions may be formed by reducing the information content of a concept or an observable phenomenon, typically to retain only information which is relevant for a particular purpose.
For example, abstracting a leather soccer ball to the more general idea of a ball retains only the information on general ball attributes and behavior, eliminating the other characteristics of that particular ball.[1] Origins[edit] Thinking in abstractions is considered[by whom?] Abstraction involves induction of ideas or the synthesis of particular facts into one general theory about something. Thought process[edit] Cat on Mat (picture 1)
Cannibalism. The Carib tribe in the Lesser Antilles, from whom the word cannibalism derives, acquired a long-standing reputation as cannibals following the recording of their legends in the 17th century.[3] Some controversy exists over the accuracy of these legends and the prevalence of actual cannibalism in the culture. Cannibalism was widespread in the past among humans in many parts of the world, continuing into the 19th century in some isolated South Pacific cultures, and to the present day in parts of tropical Africa. In a few cases in insular Melanesia, indigenous flesh-markets existed.[4] Fiji was once known as the 'Cannibal Isles'.[5] Cannibalism has been well documented around the world, from Fiji to the Amazon Basin to the Congo to Māori New Zealand.[6] Neanderthals are believed to have practiced cannibalism,[7][8] and Neanderthals may have been eaten by anatomically modern humans.[9] Reasons In some societies, especially tribal societies, cannibalism is a cultural norm.
Medical aspects St. Treant. Treants are creatures found in the Dungeons & Dragons roleplaying game. Publication history[edit] Dungeons & Dragons (1974-1976)[edit] Advanced Dungeons & Dragons 1st edition (1977-1988)[edit] The treant appears in the first edition Monster Manual (1977),[4] where it is described as combining the features of both humans and trees, and dwelling in forests and indistinguishable from trees, and can cause trees to come to life and move. Dungeons & Dragons (1977-1999)[edit] This edition of the D&D game included its own version of the treant, in the Dungeons & Dragons Expert Set (1981 & 1983),[6][7] The treant appears as a player character class in Tall Tales of the Wee Folk in the "DM's booklet" (1989). The treant was also later featured in the Dungeons & Dragons Rules Cyclopedia (1991).[8] Advanced Dungeons & Dragons 2nd edition (1989-1999)[edit] The treant appears first in the Monstrous Compendium Volume One (1989),[9] and is reprinted in the Monstrous Manual (1993).[10] Description[edit]
Tree worship. Tree worship (dendrolatry) refers to the tendency of many societies throughout history to worship or otherwise mythologize trees. Trees have played an important role in many of the world's mythologies and religions, and have been given deep and sacred meanings throughout the ages. Human beings, observing the growth and death of trees, the elasticity of their branches, the sensitivity and the annual decay and revival of their foliage, see them as powerful symbols of growth, decay and resurrection. The most ancient cross-cultural symbolic representation of the universe's construction is the world tree. The image of the Tree of life is also a favourite in many mythologies. Other examples of trees featured in mythology are the Banyan and the Peepal (Ficus religiosa) trees in Hinduism, and the modern tradition of the Christmas Tree in Germanic mythology, the Tree of Knowledge of Judaism and Christianity, and the Bodhi tree in Buddhism.
Wishing trees[edit] World tree[edit] Sacred trees[edit] Plant perception (physiology) The leaf closing after touch in Mimosa pudica depends upon electrical signals. Vine tendril. Note how the plant reaches for and wraps around the galvanised wire provided for the purpose. This is a very tough twig and appears to have no other purpose than support for the plant. Nothing else grows from it. It must reach out softly, then wrap around and then dry and toughen. See more at thigmotropism. Plant perception occurs on a cellular level. Plant response strategies depend on quick and reliable recognition-systems. Wounded tomatoes are known to produce the volatile odour methyl-jasmonate as an alarm-signal.[5] Plants in the neighbourhood can then detect the chemical and prepare for the attack by producing chemicals that defend against insects or attract predators.[5] Plants systematically use hormonal signalling pathways to coordinate their own development and morphology.
Plants have many strategies to fight off pests. Adaptive responses include: Active foraging for light and nutrients. Chakra. From an 1899 Yoga manuscript in the Braj Bhasa language. Their name derives from the Sanskrit word for "wheel" or "turning", but in the yogic context a better translation of the word is 'vortex or whirlpool'.[1][note 1] The concept of chakra features in tantric and yogic traditions of Hinduism and Buddhism.
Etymology[edit] Sanskrit chakra derives from the Proto-Indo-European *kʷekʷlos; its cognates include Greek kuklos, Lithuanian kaklas, Tocharian B kokale, and English "wheel," as well as "circle" and "cycle".[2] M. N. Roy's review of tantric history says that the word chakra is used to mean several different things in the Sanskrit sources:[3] "Circle," used in a variety of senses, symbolising endless rotation of shakti.A circle of people. The linguist Jorma Koivulehto wrote (2001) of the annual Finnish Kekri celebration, having borrowed the word from early Indo-Aryan Languages.[5] History[edit] Characteristics[edit] The texts and teachings present different numbers of chakras.
Vajrayana[edit] Introduction to the chakras. Written by © Ewald Berkers What chakras are and their psychological properties Chakras are centers of energy, located on the midline of the body. There are seven of them, and they govern our psychological properties. The chakras located on the lower part of our body are our instinctual side, the highest ones our mental side. The chakras can have various levels of activity. When they're "open," they're considered operative in a normal fashion. Ideally, all chakras would contribute to our being. There exist lots of techniques to balance the chakras. . 1 - Root chakra The Root chakra is about being physically there and feeling at home in situations. If you tend to be fearful or nervous, your Root chakra is probably under-active. If this chakra is over-active, you may be very materialistic and greedy. . 2 - Sacral chakra The Sacral chakra is about feeling and sexuality. If you tend to be stiff and unemotional or have a "poker face," the Sacral chakra is under-active. . 3 - Navel chakra.
Three Jewels. The Three Jewels are:[1] Buddha Sanskrit, Pali: The Enlightened or Awakened One; Chinese: {{{3}}}, Fótuó, Japanese: 仏, Butsu, Standard Tibetan: sangs-rgyas, Mongolian: burqan Depending on one's interpretation, it can mean the historical Buddha (Siddharta) or the Buddha nature — the ideal or highest spiritual potential that exists within all beings; Sanskrit: The Teaching; Pali: Dhamma, Chinese: {{{3}}}, Fǎ, Japanese: 法, Hō, Standard Tibetan: chos, Mongolian: nom The teachings of the Buddha, the path to Enlightenment. Sangha Sanskrit, Pali: The Community; Chinese: {{{3}}}, Sēng, Japanese: 僧, Sō, Standard Tibetan: dge-'dun, Mongolian: quvara The community of those who have attained enlightenment, who may help a practicing Buddhist to do the same. Refuge formula[edit] Taking refuge in the Three Jewels is generally considered to make one officially a Buddhist.
The Mahayana Chinese/Korean/Japanese version differs only slightly from the Theravada: The prayer for taking refuge in Tibetan Buddhism. Rhea (mythology) Rhea (or Cybele), after a marble, 1888. Then she hid Zeus in a cave on Mount Ida in Crete. According to varying versions of the story: Rhea only appears in Greek art from the fourth century BC, when her iconography draws on that of Cybele; the two therefore, often are indistinguishable;[10] both can be shown on a throne flanked by lions, riding a lion, or on a chariot drawn by two lions. In Roman religion, her counterpart Cybele was Magna Mater deorum Idaea, who was brought to Rome and was identified in Roman mythology as an ancestral Trojan deity. On a functional level, Rhea was thought equivalent to Roman Ops or Opis. Most often Rhea's symbol is a pair of lions, the ones that pulled her celestial chariot and were seen often, rampant, one on either side of the gateways through the walls to many cities in the ancient world.
In Homer, Rhea is the mother of the gods, although not a universal mother like Cybele, the Phrygian Great Mother, with whom she was later identified. Higgs boson. The Higgs boson is named after Peter Higgs, one of six physicists who, in 1964, proposed the mechanism that suggested the existence of such a particle. Although Higgs's name has come to be associated with this theory, several researchers between about 1960 and 1972 each independently developed different parts of it. In mainstream media the Higgs boson has often been called the "God particle", from a 1993 book on the topic; the nickname is strongly disliked by many physicists, including Higgs, who regard it as inappropriate sensationalism.[17][18] In 2013 two of the original researchers, Peter Higgs and François Englert, were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for their work and prediction[19] (Englert's co-researcher Robert Brout had died in 2011).
A non-technical summary[edit] "Higgs" terminology[edit] Overview[edit] If this field did exist, this would be a monumental discovery for science and human knowledge, and is expected to open doorways to new knowledge in many fields. History[edit] Hans Zimmer. Fred Alan Wolf. Fred Alan Wolf (born December 3, 1934) is an American theoretical physicist specializing in quantum physics and the relationship between physics and consciousness. He is a former physics professor at San Diego State University, and has helped to popularize science on the Discovery Channel. He is the author of a number of books about physics, including Taking the Quantum Leap (1981), The Dreaming Universe (1994), Mind into Matter (2000), and Time Loops and Space Twists (2011).[1] Wolf was a member in the 1970s, with Jack Sarfatti and others, of the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory's Fundamental Fysiks Group founded in May 1975 by Elizabeth Rauscher and George Weissmann.[2] His theories about the interrelation of consciousness and quantum physics were described by Newsweek in 2007 as "on the fringes of mainstream science.
Biography[edit] Wolf's interest in physics began as a child when he viewed a newsreel depicting the world's first atomic explosion. Works[edit] Books Films Audio Dr. Notes[edit] Dream. Dreams mainly occur in the rapid-eye movement (REM) stage of sleep—when brain activity is high and resembles that of being awake. REM sleep is revealed by continuous movements of the eyes during sleep. At times, dreams may occur during other stages of sleep.
However, these dreams tend to be much less vivid or memorable.[3] The length of a dream can vary; they may last for a few seconds, or approximately 20–30 minutes.[3] People are more likely to remember the dream if they are awakened during the REM phase. Opinions about the meaning of dreams have varied and shifted through time and culture. Sigmund Freud, who developed the discipline of psychoanalysis, wrote extensively about dream theories and their interpretations in the early 1900s.[8] He explained dreams as manifestations of our deepest desires and anxieties, often relating to repressed childhood memories or obsessions. Cultural meaning[edit] Ancient history[edit] Classical history[edit] In Abrahamic religions[edit] Iain R. The sound of consciousness: neural underpinnings ... [J Neurosci. 2011. Mental chronometry. Bereitschaftspotential. Tesseract.
Binaural beats. Id, ego and super-ego. General Systems Theory. R-2010-001.pdf. Levy-Stability-Under-Addition and Fractal Structure of Markets: Implications for the Actuaries and Emphasized Examination of Matif National Contract - Proceedings AFIR 1995 - Brussels, Belgium. R-2010-001.pdf. Cardinality. Lévy distribution. Floc. Fractal Growth Characteristics of Flocs in Flocculation Process in Water Treatment. Metaphor. Fractal Growth Characteristics of Flocs in Flocculation Process in Water Treatment. Independent and identically distributed random variables. Bin. Markov chain. Complementing. Normative ethics. Abstraction.
Entailment. Monolith. Semantics. Disposition. Abstraction. Reflexive pronoun. Reflexive pronoun. Reflexive relation. Url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CC0QFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lojban. 392217. Terence McKenna's Time Wave Zero. Adapter. Quark. Net present value. Linguistics. Tertiary Inversion in the Faroe-Shetland Channel and the Development of Major Erosional Scarps. What are Present Value and Future Value. Id, ego and super-ego. Topograph.
Stuff. Non-Profit/Charity. Anthropology. Environmental/Engineering. Spirituality, Religion, Mythology, Folklore, etc. Gar39. Poetry. Mind, Brain, Psychology, etc. Animal Trivia. Podcasts.