Responsive CSS Framework Comparison: Bootstrap, Foundation, Skeleton. Bootstrap 4.0.0-alpha is a fairly large update to the framework. It has dropped Less support in favor of Sass, converted from px-based to rem-based sizing, improved its grid system, and dropped IE8 support. Also, all its JS plugins were re-written in ES6, it now uses a customized reset CSS file called Reboot, and offers flexbox support via a Sass boolean variable. In addition to this update, Bootstrap now offers themes at themes.getbootstrap.com.
Also, Bootstrap will continue supporting version 3, unlike the dropping of version 2 support after the release of version 3. You can read more here. Foundation 6 is a fairly major update which includes more grid flexibility, custom breakpoints, optional flexbox, and more. Like Bootstrap 4, Flexbox is now toggleable via Sass in Foundation 6. The Sass/CSS has been reworked and consolidated, and there are fewer default styles to override on common elements.
Skeleton 2 was updated in December 2014 after remaining mostly unchanged for about three years. CSS and the Golden Ratio. A few weekes ago while at Brooklyn Beta, I was lucky enough to sit next to Scott Kellum during lunch. He mentioned how recently he had been interested in the idea of making fractals using nested CSS shapes with sizes defined by ems. I was excited to play with the idea, and so I began working with the golden ratio (1.618033988...). (after 4 years of architecture school, it still has a soft spot in my heart.) Getting the basic shape was easy enough, though I needed to do some tweaking with the positioning to keep the rectangles radiating from the center. click to toggle css visibility click to toggle html visibility Then I began work to create the ubiquitous golden spiral. however, after a bit, I realized my css was flawed (see below). nothing aligned quite right. click to toggle html visibility (same old, just some more classes) After getting lost in the possibilities and hacking away at the CSS, I realized the answer was simple (as is the case with most problems of this type).
Tweet. WebKit. Web browser engine WebKit is available under the BSD 2-Clause license[14][8] with the exception of the WebCore and JavaScriptCore components, which are available under the GNU Lesser General Public License. As of March 7, 2013, WebKit is a trademark of Apple, registered with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.[15] Origins[edit] According to Apple, some changes which called for different development tactics involved OS X-specific features that are absent in KDE's KHTML, such as Objective-C, KWQ (pronounced "quack") an implementation of the subset of Qt required to make KHTML work on OS X written in Objective C++, and OS X calls.[18] Split development[edit] During the publicized "divorce" period, KDE developer Kurt Pfeifle (pipitas) posted an article claiming KHTML developers had managed to backport many (but not all) Safari improvements from WebCore to KHTML, and they always appreciated the improvements coming from Apple and still do so.
Open-sourcing[edit] Further development[edit]
Emmet — the essential toolkit for web-developers. Bootstrap. SASS. Interview Questions and Exercises About CSS. If you're in the position of needing to interview someone about their skill and knowledge about CSS, it can be a little hard to think of things to ask on-the-fly. I thought I'd think up and round up some ideas for reference. Exercises To Do Seeing people's actual work is just as important as what they say. Seeing people work their through exercises live might be even more important. These are some exercises that aren't particularly difficult and anybody with CSS experience should be able to do. Watching/listening to them do it could be invaluable. Create This Button I saw this idea on Mobify's CodePen account. Using CSS properties alone, recreate this button: This would be a great test of the candidate's CSS3 skills.
How did they handle multiple borders? I hope I didn't ruin Mobify's hiring process! Fix The Sidebar The right sidebar here has fallen down below the content. Even though the two columns are 75% and 25% wide and floated opposite ways, the sidebar has fallen. Here's a design. Ten things you should know about CSS (that I wish I knew when I started)Life on Lars | Life on Lars. Over the years I’ve had quite a few eureka moments when it comes to CSS, when pieces fall into place and I realise a much better way of doing things. It’s both extremely satisfying but also somewhat annyoing since having that knowledge earlier could have saved me hours and hours of frustration and effort. 1.
Understanding specificity, inheritance and cascading Having a clear understanding of which styles will apply in which context will save you a lot of time and headache. I can’t tell you how many times I’ve scratched my head trying to figure out why a style wasn’t being applied correctly to an element despite the fact that it was clearly in the stylesheet. Specificity Specificity determines which CSS rule is applied by the browser, depending on where a selector fits in specificity hierarchy it will either be ignored or override an less specific selector. Inheritance Cascading or “The Cascade” The idea of a “cascade” is at core of CSS (Cascading Style Sheets). Additional reading 2. 3. 4. 5.
The Difference Between “Block” and “Inline” For the purpose of CSS styling, elements can be generally divided into a few different categories. Two of those categories are block-level elements and inline elements. In my opinion, this is one of those areas that, once understood correctly, can help beginners to take their CSS skills to the next level. Block-level Elements A block element is an element that has, but may not be limited to, the following characteristics: If no width is set, will expand naturally to fill its parent containerCan have margins and/or paddingIf no height is set, will expand naturally to fit its child elements (assuming they are not floated or positioned)By default, will be placed below previous elements in the markup (assuming no floats or positioning on surrounding elements)Ignores the vertical-align property So, for a block element, it’s not necessary to give it a set width or to give it a width of 100% if you want it to fill its parent horizontally.
Inline Elements Other Notes Bonus Tip: Replaced Elements. Learn CSS Positioning in Ten Steps: position static relative absolute float. 1. position:static The default positioning for all elements is position:static, which means the element is not positioned and occurs where it normally would in the document. Normally you wouldn't specify this unless you needed to override a positioning that had been previously set. 2. position:relative If you specify position:relative, then you can use top or bottom, and left or right to move the element relative to where it would normally occur in the document. Let's move div-1 down 20 pixels, and to the left 40 pixels: Notice the space where div-1 normally would have been if we had not moved it: now it is an empty space.
It appears that position:relative is not very useful, but it will perform an important task later in this tutorial. 3. position:absolute When you specify position:absolute, the element is removed from the document and placed exactly where you tell it to go. Let's move div-1a to the top right of the page: What I really want is to position div-1a relative to div-1.
Footnotes 10. CSS: em, px, pt, cm, in… Em, px, pt, cm, in… CSS offers a number of different units for expressing length. Some have their history in typography, such as point (pt) and pica (pc), others are known from everyday use, such as centimeter (cm) and inch (in). And there is also a “magic” unit that was invented specifically for CSS: the px. Does that mean different properties need different units? No, the units have nothing to do with the properties, but everything with the output media: screen or paper. There is no restriction on which units can be used where. But in general you would use a different set of units for display on screen than for printing on paper. The relation between the absolute units is as follows: 1in = 2.54cm = 25.4mm = 72pt = 6pc If you have a ruler handy you can check how precise your device is: here is a box of 1in (2.54cm) high: ↑ 72pt ↓ The so-called absolute units (cm, mm, in, pt and pc) mean the same in CSS as everywhere else.
The ex unit is rarely used. The px unit is the magic unit of CSS. Specifics on CSS Specificity.