Strength of materials. Behavior of solid objects subject to stresses and strains The theory began with the consideration of the behavior of one and two dimensional members of structures, whose states of stress can be approximated as two dimensional, and was then generalized to three dimensions to develop a more complete theory of the elastic and plastic behavior of materials. An important founding pioneer in mechanics of materials was Stephen Timoshenko.
Definition[edit] The stresses and strains that develop within a mechanical member must be calculated in order to assess the load capacity of that member. This requires a complete description of the geometry of the member, its constraints, the loads applied to the member and the properties of the material of which the member is composed. The applied loads may be axial (tensile or compressive), or rotational (strength shear). Types of loadings[edit] Stress terms[edit] Uniaxial stress is expressed by Stress parameters for resistance[edit] Stress–strain relations[edit] Category:Alloys. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Alloys are materials made up of more than one chemical element, at least one of which must be a metal. The combination of elements has metallic properties that differ from those of the base, component elements. Subcategories This category has the following 31 subcategories, out of 31 total.
Pages in category "Alloys" The following 39 pages are in this category, out of 39 total. Category:Free online encyclopedias. Portal:Contents/Technology and applied sciences. Category:Handbooks and manuals. Category:Glossaries. Portal:Contents/Categories. Complex system. This article largely discusses complex systems as a subject of mathematics and the attempts to emulate physical complex systems with emergent properties.
For other scientific and professional disciplines addressing complexity in their fields see the complex systems article and references. A complex system is a damped, driven system (for example, a harmonic oscillator) whose total energy exceeds the threshold for it to perform according to classical mechanics but does not reach the threshold for the system to exhibit properties according to chaos theory. History[edit] Although it is arguable that humans have been studying complex systems for thousands of years, the modern scientific study of complex systems is relatively young in comparison to conventional fields of science with simple system assumptions, such as physics and chemistry.
The history of the scientific study of these systems follows several different research trends. Types of complex systems[edit] Chaotic systems[edit] Knowledge organization. The term knowledge organization (KO) (or "organization of knowledge", "organization of information" or "information organization") designates a field of study related to Library and Information Science (LIS). In this meaning, KO is about activities such as document description, indexing and classification performed in libraries, databases, archives etc. These activities are done by librarians, archivists, subject specialists as well as by computer algorithms.
KO as a field of study is concerned with the nature and quality of such knowledge organizing processes (KOP) as well as the knowledge organizing systems (KOS) used to organize documents, document representations and concepts. There exist different historical and theoretical approaches to and theories about organizing knowledge, which are related to different views of knowledge, cognition, language, and social organization. Each of these approaches tends to answer the question: “What is knowledge organization?”
Differently. Human body. Entire structure of a human being It comprises a head, hair, neck, torso (which includes the thorax and abdomen), arms and hands, legs and feet. The study of the human body includes anatomy, physiology, histology and embryology. The body varies anatomically in known ways. Physiology focuses on the systems and organs of the human body and their functions. Many systems and mechanisms interact in order to maintain homeostasis, with safe levels of substances such as sugar and oxygen in the blood. The body is studied by health professionals, physiologists, anatomists, and artists to assist them in their work. Composition[edit] The human body is composed of elements including hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, calcium and phosphorus.
The adult male body is about 60% water for a total water content of some 42 litres (9.2 imp gal; 11 US gal). Cells[edit] Genome[edit] Tissues[edit] Organs[edit] Heart[edit] The heart is an organ located in the thoracic cavity between the lungs and slightly to the left. Books[edit] Black box. System where only the inputs and outputs can be viewed, and not its implementation In science, computing, and engineering, a black box is a system which can be viewed in terms of its inputs and outputs (or transfer characteristics), without any knowledge of its internal workings.
Its implementation is "opaque" (black). The term can be used to refer to many inner workings, such as those of a transistor, an engine, an algorithm, the human brain, or an institution or government. History[edit] In cybernetics, a full treatment was given by Ross Ashby in 1956.[4] A black box was described by Norbert Wiener in 1961 as an unknown system that was to be identified using the techniques of system identification.[5] He saw the first step in self-organization as being to be able to copy the output behavior of a black box. Systems theory[edit] The constitution and structure of the box are altogether irrelevant to the approach under consideration, which is purely external or phenomenological. . (...) Complex system. Category:Physical systems. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Systems science portalPhysical systems Subcategories This category has the following 5 subcategories, out of 5 total. Pages in category "Physical systems" The following 2 pages are in this category, out of 2 total.
Physical system. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Portion of the universe chosen for analysis The split between system and environment is the analyst's choice, generally made to simplify the analysis. For example, the water in a lake, the water in half of a lake, or an individual molecule of water in the lake can each be considered a physical system. An isolated system is one that has negligible interaction with its environment. Often a system in this sense is chosen to correspond to the more usual meaning of system, such as a particular machine. See also[edit] References[edit] Further reading[edit]
Information system. System that supports business decisions An information system (IS) is a formal, sociotechnical, organizational system designed to collect, process, store, and distribute information.[1] From a sociotechnical perspective, information systems are composed by four components: task, people, structure (or roles), and technology.[2] Information systems can be defined as an integration of components for collection, storage and processing of data of which the data is used to provide information, contribute to knowledge as well as digital products that facilitate decision making.[3] A computer information system is a system that is composed of people and computers that processes or interprets information.[4][5][6][7] The term is also sometimes used to simply refer to a computer system with software installed.
In many organizations, the department or unit responsible for information systems and data processing is known as "information services".[10][11][12][13] Overview[edit] Six components[edit] Glossary of systems theory. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search A glossary of terms relating to systems theory. A[edit] B[edit] C[edit] Cascading failure: Failure in a system of interconnected parts, where the service provided depends on the operation of a preceding part, and the failure of a preceding part can trigger the failure of successive parts.Closed system: A system which can exchange energy (as heat or work), but not matter, with its surroundings.Complexity: A complex system is characterised by components that interact in multiple ways and follow local rules.
A complicated system is characterised by its layers.Culture: The result of individual learning processes that distinguish one social group of higher animals from another. D[edit] Development: The process of liberating a system from its previous set of limiting conditions. E[edit] F[edit] H[edit] I[edit] Isolated system: A system in which the total energy-mass is conserved without any external exchange happening. L[edit] M[edit] System. A schematic representation of a closed system and its boundary A system is a set of interacting or interdependent components forming an integrated whole.[1] Every system is delineated by its spatial and temporal boundaries, surrounded and influenced by its environment, described by its structure and purpose and expressed in its functioning.
Fields that study the general properties of systems include systems science, systems theory, systems modeling, systems engineering, cybernetics, dynamical systems, thermodynamics, complex systems, system analysis and design and systems architecture. They investigate the abstract properties of systems' matter and organization, looking for concepts and principles that are independent of domain, substance, type, or temporal scale.
[citation needed] Some systems share common characteristics, including:[citation needed] The term system may also refer to a set of rules that governs structure and/or behavior. Etymology[edit] History[edit] In the 1980s John H. 1. Category:Data management. Category:Data. Data. Units of information Data can be seen as the smallest units of factual information that can be used as a basis for calculation, reasoning, or discussion. Data can range from abstract ideas to concrete measurements, including, but not limited to, statistics. Thematically connected data presented in some relevant context can be viewed as information. Contextually connected pieces of information can then be described as data insights or intelligence.
Advances in computing technologies have led to the advent of big data, which usually refers to very large quantities of data, usually at the petabyte scale. Etymology and terminology [edit] The Latin word data is the plural of datum, "(thing) given," and the neuter past participle of dare, "to give".[6] The first English use of the word "data" is from the 1640s.
When "data" is used more generally as a synonym for "information", it is treated as a mass noun in singular form. Data longevity and accessibility. Category:Categories by type. Portal:Contents/Categories. Category:Numbers. List of numbers. Notable numbers Natural numbers[edit] , Unicode U+2115 ℕ DOUBLE-STRUCK CAPITAL N). The inclusion of 0 in the set of natural numbers is ambiguous and subject to individual definitions.
In set theory and computer science, 0 is typically considered a natural number. Mathematical significance[edit] Natural numbers may have properties specific to the individual number or may be part of a set (such as prime numbers) of numbers with a particular property. List of mathematically significant natural numbers Cultural or practical significance[edit] Along with their mathematical properties, many integers have cultural significance[2] or are also notable for their use in computing and measurement. List of integers notable for their cultural meanings List of integers notable for their use in units, measurements and scales List of integers notable in computing Classes of natural numbers[edit] Prime numbers[edit] A prime number is a positive integer which has exactly two divisors: 1 and itself.
Integers[edit] Category:Number-related lists. List of symbols. This is a list of graphical signs, icons, and symbols. Languages[edit] Many (but not all) graphemes that are part of a writing system that encodes a full spoken language are included in the Unicode standard, which also includes graphical symbols. See: The remainder of this list focuses on graphemes not part of spoken language-encoding systems. Basic communication[edit] Scientific and engineering symbols[edit] Consumer symbols[edit] Various currency signs (sublist) [edit] Hazards[edit] Food[edit] Kosher symbols General consumer products[edit] Property and pricing[edit] Technology symbols[edit] [edit] Religious and mystical symbols[edit] A subset has been used as United States Department of Veterans Affairs emblems for headstones and markers. A[edit] B[edit] C[edit] D[edit] E[edit] F[edit] G[edit] H[edit] I[edit] K[edit] L[edit] M[edit] N[edit] O[edit] Ouroboros P[edit] Q[edit] Quincunx R[edit] S[edit] T[edit] U[edit] Urantia symbols V[edit] W[edit] Y[edit] Heraldic symbols[edit] Vexillological symbols (flags)[edit] Other[edit]
Category:Information. Category:Information science. Information. The ASCII codes for the word "Wikipedia" represented in binary, the numeral system most commonly used for encoding textual computer information In Thermodynamics, information is any kind of event that affects the state of a dynamic system that can interpret the information. Etymology[edit] The English word was apparently derived from the Latin stem (information-) of the nominative (informatio): this noun is derived from the verb informare (to inform) in the sense of "to give form to the mind", "to discipline", "instruct", "teach". Inform itself comes (via French informer) from the Latin verb informare, which means to give form, or to form an idea of. The ancient Greek word for form was μορφή (morphe; cf. morph) and also εἶδος (eidos) "kind, idea, shape, set", the latter word was famously used in a technical philosophical sense by Plato (and later Aristotle) to denote the ideal identity or essence of something (see Theory of Forms).
Information theory approach[edit] As sensory input[edit] Category:Industries. Category:Human activities. Category:Aeronautics. Lists of countries and territories. List of timelines. Portal:Contents/Technology and applied sciences. Category:Technology-related lists. Lists of countries and territories. Portal:Contents/Portals. Portal:Contents/Lists. Category:Wikipedia indexes. Portal:Contents/A–Z index. Index of electronics articles.
Category:Technology by type. Portal:Contents/Glossaries. Portal:Contents/Natural and physical sciences. Category:Manufactured goods. The Eight Most Abundant Elements in the Earth's Crust. Abundance of elements in Earth's crust. Category:Properties of chemical elements. Portal:Chemical elements. Abundances of the elements (data page) Abundance of the chemical elements. Resin identification code. Category:Lists of standards.
Category:Standards. List of international common standards. Index of standards articles. Numbering scheme. List of Dewey Decimal classes. Category:Identifiers. Recycling codes. Library of Congress Classification. Unique identifier. Category:Industry. Category:Information systems. Index of semiotics articles. Category:Aviation. List of dinosaur genera. Secondary sector of the economy. The Penguin Dictionary of Curious and Interesting Numbers. Portal:Contents/Technology and applied sciences.