Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Example of a GC-MS instrument Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is an analytical method that combines the features of gas-chromatography and mass spectrometry to identify different substances within a test sample. Applications of GC-MS include drug detection, fire investigation, environmental analysis, explosives investigation, and identification of unknown samples. GC-MS can also be used in airport security to detect substances in luggage or on human beings. Additionally, it can identify trace elements in materials that were previously thought to have disintegrated beyond identification. History[edit] The use of a mass spectrometer as the detector in gas chromatography was developed during the 1950s after being originated by James and Martin in 1952.[1] These comparatively sensitive devices were originally limited to laboratory settings.
Instrumentation[edit] The insides of the GC-MS, with the column of the gas chromatograph in the oven on the right. Purge and trap GC-MS[edit]
Cellular. Bio IT. Thyroid. The thyroid gland, or simply the thyroid /ˈθaɪərɔɪd/, in vertebrate anatomy, is one of the largest endocrine glands and consists of two connected lobes. The thyroid gland is found in the neck, below the thyroid cartilage (which forms the laryngeal prominence, or "Adam's apple"). The thyroid gland controls how quickly the body uses energy, makes proteins, and controls how sensitive the body is to other hormones. It participates in these processes by producing thyroid hormones, the principal ones being triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (sometimes referred to as tetraiodothyronine (T4)). These hormones regulate the growth and rate of function of many other systems in the body.
T3 and T4 are synthesized from iodine and tyrosine. The thyroid also produces calcitonin, which plays a role in calcium homeostasis. Structure[edit] The thyroid gland as present on the human trachea, here with a visible pyramidal lobe (or Lalouette's pyramid). Isthmus showing pyramidal lobe position Histology[edit] Synthetic Biology. Functional genomics. Goals of functional genomics[edit] The goal of functional genomics is to understand the relationship between an organism's genome and its phenotype. The term functional genomics is often used broadly to refer to the many possible approaches to understanding the properties and function of the entirety of an organism's genes and gene products. The promise of functional genomics is to expand and synthesize genomic and proteomic knowledge into an understanding of the dynamic properties of an organism at cellular and/or organismal levels. This would provide a more complete picture of how biological function arises from the information encoded in an organism's genome.
The possibility of understanding how a particular mutation leads to a given phenotype has important implications for human genetic diseases, as answering these questions could point scientists in the direction of a treatment or cure. Techniques and applications[edit] At the DNA level[edit] Genetic interaction mapping[edit] Biological transistor enables computing within living cells, Stanford study says. Steve Fisch The biological transistor developed by Jerome Bonnet and colleagues could be used inside living cells to record when cells have been exposed to certain external stimuli, or even to turn on and off cell reproduction as needed.
When Charles Babbage prototyped the first computing machine in the 19th century, he imagined using mechanical gears and latches to control information. ENIAC, the first modern computer developed in the 1940s, used vacuum tubes and electricity. Today, computers use transistors made from highly engineered semiconducting materials to carry out their logical operations. And now a team of Stanford University bioengineers has taken computing beyond mechanics and electronics into the living realm of biology. In a paper published March 28 in Science, the team details a biological transistor made from genetic material — DNA and RNA — in place of gears or electrons. The biological computer In electronics, a transistor controls the flow of electrons along a circuit. Bionengineers introduce "Bi-Fi" - the biological Internet. Drew Endy If you were a bacterium, the virus M13 might seem innocuous enough. It insinuates more than it invades, setting up shop like a freeloading houseguest, not a killer.
Once inside it makes itself at home, eating your food, texting indiscriminately. Recently, however, bioengineers at Stanford University have given M13 a bit of a makeover. The researchers, Monica Ortiz, a doctoral candidate in bioengineering, and Drew Endy, PhD, an assistant professor of bioengineering, have parasitized the parasite and harnessed M13’s key attributes — its non-lethality and its ability to package and broadcast arbitrary DNA strands — to create what might be termed the biological Internet, or “Bi-Fi.”
Using the virus, Ortiz and Endy have created a biological mechanism to send genetic messages from cell to cell. Medium and message M13 is a packager of genetic messages. The M13-based system is essentially a communication channel. “Effectively, we’ve separated the message from the channel. Monica Ortiz. BioBricks Foundation | Biotechnology in the Public Interest. Synthetic Biology: Building a Language to Program Cells - IEEE Life Sciences. By Dr. Christopher Voigt Living cells are the ultimate programming substrate. The last 15 years has seen the design of simple "genetic circuits" that are encoded in DNA and perform their function in the cellular milieu.
A gene circuit harnesses biochemical interactions to generate a computational operation akin to an electronic circuit. For example, a simple NOT gate can be constructed by using a gene that turns off a second gene. When the first gene is on, the second is off, and vice versa. Using more complex strategies, a number of circuits have been built that function like logic gates, oscillators, and memory. We are developing a basis by which cells can be programmed like robots to perform complex, coordinated tasks for pharmaceutical and industrial applications.
A gene circuit harnesses biochemical interactions to generate a computational operation akin to an electronic circuit. To date, the complexity of genetic programs has been limited. Figure 1 For Further Reading A. Psychopathy. Mental health disorder Medical condition Psychopathy is a mental health condition characterized by persistent antisocial behavior, impaired empathy and remorse, and bold, disinhibited, and egotistical traits.[1][2][3] Different conceptions of psychopathy have been used throughout history that are only partly overlapping and may sometimes be contradictory.[4] Hervey M.
Cleckley, an American psychiatrist, influenced the initial diagnostic criteria for antisocial personality reaction/disturbance in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), as did American psychologist George E. Partridge.[5] The DSM and International Classification of Diseases (ICD) subsequently introduced the diagnoses of antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) and dissocial personality disorder (DPD) respectively, stating that these diagnoses have been referred to (or include what is referred to) as psychopathy or sociopathy.
History[edit] Etymology[edit] Sociopathy[edit] Precursors[edit] Definition[edit] Silicate minerals. The silicate minerals make up the largest and most important class of rock-forming minerals, constituting approximately 90 percent of the crust of the Earth. They are classified based on the structure of their silicate group which contain different ratios of silicon and oxygen. Nesosilicates or orthosilicates[edit] Nesosilicate specimens at the Museum of Geology in South Dakota Nesosilicates (from Greek νησος nēsos, island), or orthosilicates, have isolated (insular) [SiO4]4− tetrahedra that are connected only by interstitial cations. Nickel-Strunz classification: 09.A Phenakite group Phenakite - Be2SiO4Willemite - Zn2SiO4Olivine group Forsterite - Mg2SiO4Fayalite - Fe2SiO4Garnet group Pyrope - Mg3Al2(SiO4)3Almandine - Fe3Al2(SiO4)3Spessartine - Mn3Al2(SiO4)3Grossular - Ca3Al2(SiO4)3Andradite - Ca3Fe2(SiO4)3Uvarovite - Ca3Cr2(SiO4)3Hydrogrossular - Ca3Al2Si2O8(SiO4)3-m(OH)4mZircon group Zircon - ZrSiO4Thorite - (Th,U)SiO4 Sorosilicates[edit] Cyclosilicates[edit] Inosilicates[edit] Kaolin.
Mars. Mars Science Laboratory, the Next Mars Rover. Diseases. Mars Curiosity Rover. Khan Academy. Darcy's law. Background[edit] One application of Darcy's law is to water flow through an aquifer; Darcy's law along with the equation of conservation of mass are equivalent to the groundwater flow equation, one of the basic relationships of hydrogeology. Darcy's law is also used to describe oil, water, and gas flows through petroleum reservoirs. Description[edit] Diagram showing definitions and directions for Darcy's law. Darcy's law at constant elevation is a simple proportional relationship between the instantaneous discharge rate through a porous medium, the viscosity of the fluid and the pressure drop over a given distance. where q is the flux (discharge per unit area, with units of length per time, m/s) and is the pressure gradient vector (Pa/m).
Darcy's law is a simple mathematical statement which neatly summarizes several familiar properties that groundwater flowing in aquifers exhibits, including: Derivation[edit] For stationary, creeping, incompressible flow, i.e. where is the viscosity, direction, Airfoils and Airflow [Ch. 3 of See How It Flies] — Have you heard how to make a small fortune in the aviation business? — Start with a large one. 3.1 The Airplane and the Air In ordinary steady flight, the airplane must develop enough upward force to support its weight, i.e. to counteract the downward force of gravity.
It is a defining property of an aircraft (as opposed to a ballistic missile, spacecraft, or watercraft) that virtually all of this upward force comes from the air. In any case, there is one thing we know for sure: Whenever the airplane applies a downward force to the air, the air applies an equal amount of upward force to the airplane. Idea 1 is the cornerstone of any understanding of how the airplane is able to fly.
As always, whenever you come across a new idea, you should mull it over, checking to see how it connects – or conflicts – with other things you know. Everybody knows that if you try to push on the air with your hand, the air moves out of the way before you can develop much force. 3.2 Flow Patterns Near a Wing. Pitot tube. Aircraft use pitot tubes to measure airspeed. The example, from an Airbus A380, combines a pitot tube (pencil point shape) with a static port and an angle-of-attack vane (black). Air-flow, relative to this device, is right to left. Types of pitot tubes A pitot (/ˈpiːtoʊ/ PEE-toh) tube is a pressure measurement instrument used to measure fluid flow velocity.
The pitot tube was invented by the French engineer Henri Pitot in the early 18th century[1] and was modified to its modern form in the mid-19th century by French scientist Henry Darcy.[2] It is widely used to determine the airspeed of an aircraft, water speed of a boat, and to measure liquid, air and gas velocities in industrial applications. The pitot tube is used to measure the local velocity at a given point in the flow stream and not the average velocity in the pipe or conduit.[3] Theory of operation[edit] The basic pitot tube consists of a tube pointing directly into the fluid flow.
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