You're As Evil as Your Social Network: What the Prison Experiment Got Wrong. In 1961, psychologist Stanley Milgram began an experiment that left humanity with one of the most dismal and damning self-portraits we've ever seen. It seemed to demonstrate that the overwhelming majority of regular Americans are willing to administer a lethal electric shock to a human victim when prompted to do so by an authority figure. A decade later, Milgram's fellow psychologist and former high school classmate Philip Zimbardo performed another experiment at Stanford University that captured on tape the transformation of regular college students into authoritarian monsters. In a matter of days, those playing the role of guards had the prisoners going mad in solitary confinement and defecating in buckets in their cells. Zimbardo shut the experiment down half way through, but only after his fellow psychologist and future wife appealed to his sense of humanity.
The body of psychological research around the banality of evil painted a pretty awful picture of humanity. Untitled. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Cultural Logic 2010. Guide to Philosophy on the Internet philosophy philosophical filosophy philosophical gourmet philosofy gourmet report zweibel american philosophical association philosophy and phenomenological research philosophical association philosophical gourmet repor. General Guides to Philosophy on the Internet Philosophers and Philosophies Philosophical Topics Philosophical Associations and Societies Philosophy Journals and Newsletters Philosophy Courses, Syllabi, Teaching & Learning Philosophy Etexts Philosophy Bibliographies Philosophy Mailing Lists Philosophy Newsgroups Philosophy Projects Philosophy Preprints Philosophy Jobs Philosophy Dictionaries and Glossaries Philosophy Quotations Philosophy Miscellany internet philosophy - Guide to Philosophy on the Internet Table of Contents Why list more than one, especially unstarred guides when there are so many starred ones?
Guides in Czech Filosofové. Limited to major philosophers, i.e. omitting "professors with home pages" as far as possible. Many major philosophers have etexts in various sites across the web but no central page collecting them all together. Also see the sections on Associations, Bibliographies, and Quotations. Strauss’s Rousseau and the Second Wave of Modernity – Steven B. Smith : the art of theory – a quarterly journal of political philosophy. Leo Strauss’s Rousseau chapter in Natural Right and History is perhaps the most neglected aspect of the book. This is surprising because Strauss himself paid Rousseau the considerable compliment of taking him seriously. At a time when Rousseau was dismissed as either a crank outside the philosophical canon or as a dangerous obscurantist responsible for the radical politics of the French Revolution, Strauss helped to revive a serious interest in his philosophical thought.
The Rousseau chapter is titled “The Crisis of Modern Natural Right” and begins: “The first crisis of modernity occurred in the thought of Jean-Jacques Rousseau” (252). The crisis initiated by Rousseau, ironically, took the form of a return to antiquity. Rousseau, Strauss tells us, attacked modernity in the name of two classical ideas: virtue and the city, on the one hand, and nature, on the other.
Strauss recognizes that his interpretation of Rousseau faces a grave difficulty. Steven B. Autonomy: Normative Autonomy is variously rendered as self-law, self-government, self-rule, or self-determination. The concept first came into prominence in ancient Greece (from the Greek auto-nomos), where it characterized city states that were self governing. Only later–during the European Enlightenment–did autonomy come to be widely understood as a property of persons.
Today the concept is used in both senses, although most contemporary philosophers deal with autonomy primarily as a property of persons. This orientation will be maintained here. Most people would agree that autonomy is normatively important. This article will be devoted to canvassing the leading work done by philosophers on these two issues, beginning with the question of the nature of autonomy, and then moving to the question of the normative significance of autonomy. Table of Contents 1. The concept of autonomy first came into prominence in ancient Greece, where it characterized self-governing city-states. 2. A. B. C. Political Philosophy Political philosophy begins with the question: what ought to be a person’s relationship to society? The subject seeks the application of ethical concepts to the social sphere and thus deals with the variety of forms of government and social existence that people could live in – and in so doing, it also provides a standard by which to analyze and judge existing institutions and relationships.
Although the two are intimately linked by a range of philosophical issues and methods, political philosophy can be distinguished from political science. Political science predominantly deals with existing states of affairs, and insofar as it is possible to be amoral in its descriptions, it seeks a positive analysis of social affairs – for example, constitutional issues, voting behavior, the balance of power, the effect of judicial review, and so forth. Table of Contents 1. Political philosophy has its beginnings in ethics: in questions such as what kind of life is the good life for human beings. 2. Canada Research Chair for Social Justice: Shadia B. Drury. Leo Strauss was a German- Jewish émigré political philosopher and historian of political thought, who wrote some fifteen books and eighty articles on the history of political thought from Socrates to Nietzsche.
Strauss was no ordinary historian of ideas; he used the history of thought as a vehicle for expressing his own ideas. In his writings, he contrasted the wisdom of ancient philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle with the foolhardiness of' modern philosophers such as Hobbes and Locke. He thought that the loss of ancient wisdom was the reason for the 'crisis of the West--an expression that was in part a reference to the barbarities of the Holocaust. He therefore sought to recover the lost wisdom. Strauss was born in Kirchhain, Hessen, Germany. According to Strauss, the fundamental issue that divides ancient and modern thinkers is the relative importance of reason and revelation in human life.
List of works ----------, (1959) What is Political Philosophy? Truth, Philosophers and Reading Between the Lines « Bad Conscience. {*style:<b>Truth, Philosophers and Reading Between the Lines: A Critical Examination of the Methodology of Leo Strauss </b>*} Leo Strauss’ contains a striking claim. All great works, we are told, contain two teachings: an “exoteric”, “popular teaching of an edifying character, which is in the foreground”, and an “esoteric” (or “philosophical”) teaching “concerning the most important subject.” [1] This “esoteric” teaching is, however, hidden from popular view. It is written – and therefore found – only “between the lines” [2] and discovering it similarly requires “reading between the lines.” [3] Furthermore – and most startlingly – this “esoteric” teaching is not accessible to all: “[it] is addressed, not to all readers, but to trustworthy and intelligent readers only.” [4] At first glance, this astounding claim appears to rely on a series of conspicuously poor arguments.
This claim about persecution initially appears simply too general to be credible as an account of history. Like this: Web.cn.edu/kwheeler/documents/Logic_Fallacies_List.pdf. Logical Fallacies Handlist. Logical Fallacies Handlist: Fallacies are statements that might sound reasonable or superficially true but are actually flawed or dishonest. When readers detect them, these logical fallacies backfire by making the audience think the writer is (a) unintelligent or (b) deceptive. It is important to avoid them in your own arguments, and it is also important to be able to spot them in others' arguments so a false line of reasoning won't fool you. Think of this as intellectual kung-fu: the vital art of self-defense in a debate. For extra impact, learn both the Latin terms and the English equivalents. . (1) Abusive: To argue that proposals, assertions, or arguments must be false or dangerous because they originate with atheists, Christians, Muslims, communists, capitalists, the John Birch Society, Catholics, anti-Catholics, racists, anti-racists, feminists, misogynists (or any other group) is fallacious.
. (1) Bandwagon Approach: “Everybody is doing it.” Semiotics. Study of signs and sign processes The semiotic tradition explores the study of signs and symbols as a significant part of communications. Unlike linguistics, semiotics also studies non-linguistic sign systems. Semiotics includes the study of signs and sign processes, indication, designation, likeness, analogy, allegory, metonymy, metaphor, symbolism, signification, and communication. Semiotics is frequently seen as having important anthropological and sociological dimensions; for example the Italian semiotician and novelist Umberto Eco proposed that every cultural phenomenon may be studied as communication.[2] Some semioticians focus on the logical dimensions of the science, however.
They examine areas also belonging to the life sciences—such as how organisms make predictions about, and adapt to, their semiotic niche in the world (see semiosis). Semiotics is not to be confused with the Saussurean tradition called semiology, which is a subset of semiotics.[3][4] John Locke[edit] Charles W. Anamnesis (philosophy) It is the idea that humans possess knowledge from past incarnations and that learning consists of rediscovering that knowledge within us. In Meno, Plato's character (and old teacher) Socrates is challenged by Meno with what has become known as the sophistic paradox, or the paradox of knowledge: Meno: And how are you going to search for [the nature of virtue] when you don't know at all what it is, Socrates? Which of all the things you don't know will you set up as target for your search? And even if you actually come across it, how will you know that it is that thing which you don't know? In other words, if you don't know any of the attributes, properties, and/or other descriptive markers of any kind that help signify what something is (physical or otherwise), you won't recognize it, even if you actually come across it.
The theory is illustrated by Socrates asking a slave boy questions about geometry. Psychotherapy by Münsterberg, Hugo | audlibri. The Overjustification Effect. The Misconception: There is nothing better in the world than getting paid to do what you love. The Truth: Getting paid for doing what you already enjoy will sometimes cause your love for the task to wane because you attribute your motivation as coming from the reward, not your internal feelings. Office Space – Courtesy Twentieth Century Fox Money isn’t everything. Money can’t buy happiness. Don’t live someone else’s dream. Maxims like these often find their way into your social media; they arrive in your electronic mailbox at the ends of dense chains of forwards. Money, fame, and prestige – they dangle just outside your reach it seems, encouraging you to lean farther and farther over the edge, to study longer and longer, to work harder and harder. If only science had something concrete to say about the whole thing, you know?
The researchers discovered money is indeed a major factor in day-to-day happiness. If you find that hard to believe, you aren’t alone. Time Magazine in 1971. Agnostic Atheism Wager. The Agnostic Atheism Wager is an informal argument against worshipping God in a religious sense, and for pragmatic/weak atheism. The wager stems from theological criticisms of the well known Pascal's Wager.
Both wagers state that what one believes, and how one should act in life, can be determined irrelevant of whether God exists by comparing the consequences of different outcomes - essentially risk management. However, they differ in their theological assumptions and thus conclude differently. Pascal's Wager concludes that one must believe in God in order to be rewarded in the afterlife, but assumes that God would not be able to see through the deceit of just claiming to believe.
On the other hand, the AA wager assumes God could see through such deceit or would judge on actions, not belief, and asks what is best to do in such a situation, and so justifying pragmatic atheism even in the face of potential damnation. [edit] The wager [edit] Comparing wagers [edit] Criticism [edit] See also. Sign (semiotics) There are two major theories about the way in which signs acquire the ability to transfer information; both theories understand the defining property of the sign as being a relation between a number of elements.
In the tradition of semiotics developed by Ferdinand de Saussure the sign relation is dyadic, consisting only of a form of the sign (the signifier) and its meaning (the signified). Saussure saw this relation as being essentially arbitrary motivated only by social convention. Saussure's theory has been particularly influential in the study of linguistic signs. The other major semiotic theory developed by C. According to Saussure (1857–1913), a sign is composed of the signifier[2] (signifiant), and the signified (signifié). A famous thesis by Saussure states that the relationship between a sign and the real-world thing it denotes is an arbitrary one. Charles Sanders Peirce (1839–1914) proposed a different theory.
Molino's and Nattiez's diagram: (Nattiez 1990, p. 17) New Ways of Knowing. Category:Esoteric cosmology. Subcategories This category has the following 6 subcategories, out of 6 total. Pages in category "Esoteric cosmology" The following 50 pages are in this category, out of 50 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more). Ludwig Wittgenstein. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Ludwig Josef Johann Wittgenstein (26 April 1889 – 29 April 1951) was an Austrian-British philosopher who primarily worked on the topics of logic, mathematics, the mind, and language.[1] Described by Bertrand Russell as "the most perfect example I have ever known of genius as traditionally conceived, passionate, profound, intense, and dominating,"[2] Wittgenstein is considered by many to be the greatest philosopher of the 20th century.[3] Helping to inspire two of the century's principal philosophical movements, the Vienna Circle and Oxford ordinary language philosophy,[4] he is considered one of the most important figures in analytic philosophy.
Life By 1890, Karl Wittgenstein had amassed one of the largest fortunes in the world.[6] Ludwig Wittgenstein was born in Vienna on 26 April 1889, to Karl and Leopoldine Wittgenstein. He was the youngest of eight children, born into one of the most prominent and wealthy families in the Austro-Hungarian empire. Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus : Reference (The Full Wiki)