Reality

Imaginary From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search Imaginary can refer to: Music[edit] Other[edit] See also[edit] Predatory publishing Fraudulent business model for scientific publications "Think. Check. Submit." poster by an international initiative to help researchers avoid predatory publishing Predatory publishing, also write-only publishing[1][2] or deceptive publishing,[3] is an exploitative academic publishing business model that involves charging publication fees to authors without checking articles for quality and legitimacy, and without providing editorial and publishing services that legitimate academic journals provide, whether open access or not. Predatory publishers are so regarded because scholars are tricked into publishing with them, although some authors may be aware that the journal is poor quality or even fraudulent but publish in them anyway. History[edit] Predatory publishing does not refer to a homogeneous category of practices. A 2020 study has found hundreds of scientists say they have reviewed papers for journals termed ‘predatory’ — although they might not know it. Bohannon's experiment[edit]

Object From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Object may refer to: General meanings[edit] Science, technology, and mathematics[edit] Computing[edit] Mathematics[edit] Object (mathematics), an abstract object arising in mathematicsGroup object, a generalization of a group built on more complicated structures than setsObject, an entity treated by mathematical category theory Physics[edit] Physical body or object, in physics, an identifiable collection of matter Planetary body or planetary object, any secondary body in the Solar system that has a planet-like geology Other sciences[edit] Arts and media[edit] Other uses[edit] See also[edit] Topics referred to by the same term

Antifreeze Coolant additive which reduces the freezing point of water "Topping up" the antifreeze solution in a car's cooling system is a routine maintenance item for most modern cars. An antifreeze is an additive which lowers the freezing point of a water-based liquid. An antifreeze mixture is used to achieve freezing-point depression for cold environments. Common antifreezes increase the boiling point of the liquid, allowing higher coolant temperature.[1] Because water has good properties as a coolant, water plus antifreeze is used in internal combustion engines and other heat transfer applications, such as HVAC chillers and solar water heaters. Principles and history[edit] Use and occurrence[edit] Automotive and internal combustion engine use[edit] Fluorescent green-dyed antifreeze is visible in the radiator header tank when car radiator cap is removed Antifreeze was developed to overcome the shortcomings of water as a heat transfer fluid. Other industrial uses[edit] Biological antifreezes[edit] Notes

Existence Being present Etymology[edit] The term existence comes from Old French existence, from Medieval Latin existentia/exsistentia, from Latin existere, to come forth, be manifest, ex + sistere, to stand.[3][4] Context in philosophy[edit] Materialism holds that the only things that exist are matter and energy, that all things are composed of material, that all actions require energy, and that all phenomena (including consciousness) are the result of the interaction of matter. In scholasticism, existence of a thing is not derived from its essence but is determined by the creative volition of God, the dichotomy of existence and essence demonstrates that the dualism of the created universe is only resolvable through God.[2] Empiricism recognizes existence of singular facts, which are not derivable and which are observable through empirical experience. Historical conceptions[edit] Dharmic "middle way" view[edit] Early modern philosophy[edit] Predicative nature[edit] Semantics[edit] Modern approaches[edit]

William Gilbert (physician) Timperleys, the 15th-century home of the Gilberd family in Colchester. William Gilbert M.D. demonstrating his experiments before queen Elizabeth (painting by A. Auckland Hunt). In Book 6, Chapter 3, he argues in support of diurnal rotation, though he does not talk about heliocentrism, stating that it is an absurdity to think that the immense celestial spheres (doubting even that they exist) rotate daily, as opposed to the diurnal rotation of the much smaller Earth. The electric effluvia differ much from air, and as air is the earth's effluvium, so electric bodies have their own distinctive effluvia; and each peculiar effluvium has its own individual power of leading to union, its own movement to its origin, to its fount, and to the body emitting the effluvium. Like others of his day, he believed that crystal (quartz) was an especially hard form of water, formed from compressed ice: Gilbert argued that electricity and magnetism were not the same thing. Boyer, Carl B.

Universe Everything in space and time The universe is all of space and time[a] and their contents,[10] including planets, stars, galaxies, and all other forms of matter and energy. The Big Bang theory is the prevailing cosmological description of the development of the universe. According to this theory, space and time emerged together 13.787±0.020 billion years ago,[11] and the universe has been expanding ever since the Big Bang. While the spatial size of the entire universe is unknown,[3] it is possible to measure the size of the observable universe, which is approximately 93 billion light-years in diameter at the present day. Some of the earliest cosmological models of the universe were developed by ancient Greek and Indian philosophers and were geocentric, placing Earth at the center.[12][13] Over the centuries, more precise astronomical observations led Nicolaus Copernicus to develop the heliocentric model with the Sun at the center of the Solar System. Definition Etymology Synonyms Spacetime

Ludwig Boltzmann Ludwig Eduard Boltzmann (German pronunciation: [ˈluːtvɪg ˈbɔlt͡sman]; February 20, 1844 – September 5, 1906) was an Austrian physicist and philosopher. His greatest achievement was in the development of statistical mechanics, which explains and predicts how the properties of atoms (such as mass, charge, and structure) determine the physical properties of matter (such as viscosity, thermal conductivity, and diffusion). Boltzmann coined the word ergodic while he was working on a problem in statistical mechanics.[2] Biography[edit] Childhood and education[edit] Boltzmann was born in Erdberg, a suburb of Vienna. Starting in 1863, Boltzmann studied mathematics and physics at the University of Vienna. Academic career[edit] In 1869 at age 25, thanks to a letter of recommendation written by Stefan,[5] Boltzmann was appointed full Professor of Mathematical Physics at the University of Graz in the province of Styria. Final years[edit] He is buried in the Viennese Zentralfriedhof. Philosophy[edit]

Matter Something that has mass and volume Usually atoms can be imagined as a nucleus of protons and neutrons, and a surrounding "cloud" of orbiting electrons which "take up space".[4][5] However this is only somewhat correct, because subatomic particles and their properties are governed by their quantum nature, which means they do not act as everyday objects appear to act – they can act like waves as well as particles, and they do not have well-defined sizes or positions. In the Standard Model of particle physics, matter is not a fundamental concept because the elementary constituents of atoms are quantum entities which do not have an inherent "size" or "volume" in any everyday sense of the word. Related concepts Comparison with mass Matter should not be confused with mass, as the two are not the same in modern physics.[9] Matter is a general term describing any 'physical substance'. Different fields of science use the term matter in different, and sometimes incompatible, ways. Definition Quarks

Behavioral ecology Some examples of Behavioural Ecology An African elephant crossing a river Behavioral ecology is the study of the evolutionary basis for animal behavior due to ecological pressures. Behavioral ecology emerged from ethology after Niko Tinbergen outlined four questions to address when studying animal behavior which are the proximate causes, ontogeny, survival value, and phylogeny of behavior. If an organism has a trait which provides them with a selective advantage (i.e. has an adaptive significance) in a new environment natural selection will likely favor it. Individuals are always in competition with others for limited resources, including food, territories, and mates. Competing for resources[edit] The value of a social behavior depends in part on the social behavior of an animal's neighbors. Evolutionarily stable strategy[edit] Therefore, the ESS is considered to be the evolutionary end point subsequent to the interactions. Resource defense[edit] Ideal free distribution[edit]