Cybernetics

Boolean algebra Boolean algebra was introduced by George Boole in his first book The Mathematical Analysis of Logic (1847), and set forth more fully in his An Investigation of the Laws of Thought (1854).[1] According to Huntington the term "Boolean algebra" was first suggested by Sheffer in 1913.[2] Boolean algebra has been fundamental in the development of digital electronics, and is provided for in all modern programming languages. It is also used in set theory and statistics.[3] History[edit] In the 1930s, while studying switching circuits, Claude Shannon observed that one could also apply the rules of Boole's algebra in this setting, and he introduced switching algebra as a way to analyze and design circuits by algebraic means in terms of logic gates. Values[edit] As with elementary algebra, the purely equational part of the theory may be developed without considering explicit values for the variables.[12] Operations[edit] Basic operations[edit] The basic operations of Boolean algebra are as follows. J.

Henri Poincaré French mathematician, physicist, engineer, and philosopher of science Jules Henri Poincaré (,[4] ;[5][6][7] French: [ɑ̃ʁi pwɛ̃kaʁe] ( listen);[8][9] 29 April 1854 – 17 July 1912) was a French mathematician, theoretical physicist, engineer, and philosopher of science. As a mathematician and physicist, he made many original fundamental contributions to pure and applied mathematics, mathematical physics, and celestial mechanics.[11] In his research on the three-body problem, Poincaré became the first person to discover a chaotic deterministic system which laid the foundations of modern chaos theory. Poincaré made clear the importance of paying attention to the invariance of laws of physics under different transformations, and was the first to present the Lorentz transformations in their modern symmetrical form. The Poincaré group used in physics and mathematics was named after him. Life[edit] Education[edit] First scientific achievements[edit] Career[edit] Students[edit] Death[edit] Work[edit]

Alex Faickney Osborn American advertising executive, creator of brainstorming Alex Faickney Osborn (May 24, 1888 – May 5, 1966) was an American advertising executive and the author of the creativity technique named brainstorming. In 1919, Osborn joined with Bruce Fairchild Barton and Roy Sarles Durstine to form the BDO advertising agency. Osborn acted as manager of BDO's Buffalo branch. After years of success and having survived the Great Depression, BBDO underwent a crisis in 1938, losing many of its clients and key personnel. Creativity theorist [edit] Osborn became increasingly active as an author, and published several books on creative thinking. In 1954, Osborn set up the Creative Education Foundation, sustained by the royalties earned from his books. Notable advertising work Osborn also contributed frequently to trade publications such as Printers' Ink.

Arya (Buddhism) The term is used in the following contexts: The Four Noble Truths are called the catvāry ārya satyāni (Sanskrit) or cattāri ariya saccāni (Pali).The Noble Eightfold Path is called the ārya mārga (Sanskrit, also āryāṣṭāṅgikamārga) or ariya magga (Pāli).Buddha's Dharma and Vinaya are the ariyassa dhammavinayo.In Buddhist texts, the āryas are those who have the Buddhist śīla (Pāli sīla, meaning "virtue") and follow the Buddhist path.Buddhists who have attained one of the four levels of awakening (stream-entry, once-returner, non-returner, arahant) are themselves called ariya puggalas (Arya persons). In the context of the four noble truths, contemporary scholars explain the meaning of ārya as follows: The word "noble," or ariya, is used by the Buddha to designate a particular type of person, the type of person which it is the aim of his teaching to create. In the discourses the Buddha classifies human beings into two broad categories.

Dharma Key concept in Indian philosophy and Eastern religions, with multiple meanings Dharma (;[7] Sanskrit: dharma, pronounced [dʱɐrmɐ] ( listen); Pali: dhamma) is a key concept with multiple meanings in Indian religions, such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism and others.[8] Although there is no direct single-word translation for dharma in European languages,[9] it is commonly translated as "righteousness", "merit" or "religious and moral duties" governing individual conduct.[11] In Hinduism, dharma is one of the four components of the Puruṣārtha, the aims of life, and signifies behaviours that are considered to be in accord with Ṛta, the order that makes life and universe possible.[12][note 1] It includes duties, rights, laws, conduct, virtues and "right way of living".[13] In Buddhism, dharma means "cosmic law and order",[12][14] as expressed by the teachings of the Buddha.[12][14] In Buddhist philosophy, dhamma/dharma is also the term for "phenomena".[15][note 2] Etymology[edit] In Pali

Noble Eightfold Path Buddhist practices leading to liberation from samsara The eight spoke Dharma wheel symbolizes the Noble Eightfold Path. The Eightfold Path consists of eight practices: right view, right resolve, right speech, right conduct, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right samadhi ('meditative absorption or union'; alternatively, equanimous meditative awareness). In Buddhist symbolism, the Noble Eightfold Path is often represented by means of the dharma wheel (dharmachakra), in which its eight spokes represent the eight elements of the path. Etymology and nomenclature[edit] The Pali term ariya aṭṭhaṅgika magga (Sanskrit: āryāṣṭāṅgamārga) is typically translated in English as "Noble Eightfold Path". All eight elements of the Path begin with the word samyañc (in Sanskrit) or sammā (in Pāli) which means "right, proper, as it ought to be, best".[19] The Buddhist texts contrast samma with its opposite miccha.[19] The eight divisions[edit] Origins: the Middle Way[edit] Tenfold path[edit]

Vishnu Vishnu's eternal and supreme abode beyond the material universe is called Vaikuntha, which is also known as Paramdhama, the realm of eternal bliss and happiness and the final or highest place for liberated souls who have attained Moksha. Vaikuntha is situated beyond the material universe and hence, cannot be perceived or measured by material science or logic.[5] Vishnu's other abode within the material universe is Ksheera Sagara (the ocean of milk), where he reclines and rests on Ananta Shesha, (the king of the serpent deities, commonly shown with thousand heads). In almost all Hindu denominations, Vishnu is either worshipped directly or in the form of his ten avatars, the most famous of whom are Rama and Krishna.[6] The Puranabharati, an ancient text, describes these as the dashavatara, or the ten avatars of Vishnu. Name[edit] A 4th–6th century CE Sardonyx seal representing Vishnu with a worshipper. The inscription in cursive Bactrian reads: "Mihira, Vishnu (left) and Shiva". [edit]

Pranayama Practice of breath control in Yoga Group of people practicing Prāṇāyāma Pranayama is the practice of breath control in yoga. In modern yoga as exercise, it consists of synchronising the breath with movements between asanas, but is also a distinct breathing exercise on its own, usually practised after asanas. In texts like the Bhagavad Gita and the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali, and later in Hatha yoga texts, it meant the complete suspension of breathing. Etymology[edit] Prāṇāyāma (Devanagari: प्राणायाम prāṇāyāma) is a Sanskrit compound. Macdonell gives the etymology as prana (prāṇa), breath, + āyāma and defines it as the suspension of breath.[1] V. Ramamurti Mishra gives the definition: Expansion of individual energy into cosmic energy is called prāṇāyāma (prāṇa, energy + ayām, expansion). Hinduism[edit] Bhagavad Gītā[edit] Pranayama is mentioned in verse 4.29 of the Bhagavad Gītā.[6] Yoga Sutras of Patanjali[edit] Yoga teachers including B. Hatha yoga[edit] Yoga as exercise[edit] Buddhism[edit]

SANMA ŞÂHIM HERKESİ SEN SÂDIKÂNE YÂR OLUR | İlim ve Medeniyet .Sanma şâhım herkesi sen sâdıkâne yâr olur Herkesi sen dost mu sandın belki ol ağyâr olur Sâdıkâne belki ol bu âlemde dildâr olur Yâr olur ağyâr olur dildâr olur serdâr olurYavuz Sultan Selim Yavuz Sultan Selim’in yazdığı bu şiirin özelliği; soldan sağa ve yukarıdan aşağı okunduğunda mısraların aynı olmasıdır. Yani dizelerin ilk kelimeleri birinci dizeyi, ikinci kelimeleri ikinci dizeyi verir… (gibi) Sanma şâhım / herkesi sen / sâdıkâne / yâr olur Herkesi sen / dost mu sandın / belki ol / ağyâr olur Sâdıkâne / belki ol / bu âlemde / dildâr olur Yâr olur / ağyâr olur / dildâr olur / serdâr olur Ayrıca divan edebiyatında vezni aher denilen tarzda yazılan ilk beyit olduğu söylenmektedir. Hikayenin şu şekilde tezahür ettiği rivayet edilmektedir: Dokuzuncu Osmanlı hükümdarı olan Yavuz Sultan Selim, devlet-i aliyenin başına geçmeden önce -şehzadelik- yıllarında satrançla yakından ilgilenirdi. Şehzade Selim bu oyunda ustalaşırken İran bölgesinde de satrancın revaçta olduğunu öğrenir.