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Related: nancydavisze • lawrencelcusumano • briandaniele • rebeccanancyz • bayenaamlarki浅谈 TLS/SSL 协议安全 TLS/SSL 设计之初是为了达到身份验证、保密性、完整性的目的。到现在发展已经20多年了，也出现多许多严重的 BUG 和各种事件。现在主流的版本是是 TLS 1.1、TLS 1.2、1、TLS 1.3。 对称加密是最快速、最简单的一种加密方式，加密（encryption）与解密（decryption）用的是同样的密钥（secret key）。 2.1 XOR 异或运算 对称加密最主要的操作是异或 XOR，从上图可以看出明文 XOR 密钥 = 密文、密文 XOR 密钥 = 明文，优点是只用遍历执行异或非常快。 2.2 分组、填充 对称加密、解密执行异或的密文和明文的长度必须要完全一致，一般密钥在128、256字节左右，但是密文可能到KB、MB级别，将明文分成多个等长的 Block 模块，对每个模块进行分组加密。 位填充：以 bit 位为单位来填充 … | 1011 1001 1101 0100 0010 0111 0000 0000 |字节填充：以字节为单位为填充 补零：… | DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD | DD DD DD DD 00 00 00 00 |ANSI X9.23：… | DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD | DD DD DD DD 00 00 00 04 |ISO 10126：… | DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD | DD DD DD DD 81 A6 23 04 |PKCS7 （RFC 5652）：… | DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD | DD DD DD DD 04 04 04 04 | 现在 AES 主要是用 PKCS7 对明文进行填充。 2.3 分组工作模式 明文一般都会很大如果顺序加密会非常耗时，一般是对明文按照一定规则拆分出多个Block，再利用计算机多核优势同时对多个 Block 进行加密，Block cipher mode of operation。 2.3.1 ECB（Electronic codebook）模式 因为是用同一个密文加密，加密后数据可能如中间的企鹅和左边边的企鹅有很高的相似性，攻击者很容易推导初明文的一些特征。 2.3.2 CBC（Cipher-block chaining）模式 CBC模式每组明文先和前一组密文进行异或后，再进行加密，这样密文就完全失去特征了。
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