⊿ Point. {R} Glossary. ◢ Keyword: R. ▰ Sources. 〓 Books [B] ◥ University. {q} PhD. {tr} Training. {R} L' Review. [B] PhD. {R} Method. ⚫ USA. ↂ EndNote. ☝️ Machi (2016) Reasoning. Reason. Capacity for consciously making sense of things Reason is the capacity of consciously applying logic by drawing valid conclusions from new or existing information, with the aim of seeking the truth.[1] It is associated with such characteristically human activities as philosophy, religion, science, language, mathematics, and art, and is normally considered to be a distinguishing ability possessed by humans.[2][3] Reason is sometimes referred to as rationality.[4] Psychologists and cognitive scientists have attempted to study and explain how people reason, e.g. which cognitive and neural processes are engaged, and how cultural factors affect the inferences that people draw.
The field of automated reasoning studies how reasoning may or may not be modeled computationally. Animal psychology considers the question of whether animals other than humans can reason. The words are connected in this way: using reason, or reasoning, means providing good reasons. Philosophical history [edit] Tu quoque. ☢️ Inductive. ☢️ Deductive. Abductive reasoning. Inference seeking the simplest and most likely explanation Abductive reasoning (also called abduction,[1] abductive inference,[1] or retroduction[2]) is a form of logical inference that seeks the simplest and most likely conclusion from a set of observations. It was formulated and advanced by American philosopher and logician Charles Sanders Peirce beginning in the latter half of the 19th century. Abductive reasoning, unlike deductive reasoning, yields a plausible conclusion but does not definitively verify it. Abductive conclusions do not eliminate uncertainty or doubt, which is expressed in terms such as "best available" or "most likely".
While inductive reasoning draws general conclusions that apply to many situations, abductive conclusions are confined to the particular observations in question. Deduction, induction, and abduction [edit] Deductive reasoning allows deriving from only where is a formal logical consequence of . ) and "Wikipedia is a wiki" ( from a body of knowledge , where . . .