◥ University. {q} PhD. {tr} Training. {R} Sciences. Branches of science. The scale of the universe mapped to the branches of science and the hierarchy of science The branches of science (also referred to as "sciences", "scientific fields", or "scientific disciplines") are commonly divided into three major groups: natural sciences, which study natural phenomena (including fundamental forces and biological life), formal sciences (such as mathematics and logic, which use an a priori, as opposed to factual, methodology) and social sciences, which study human behavior and societies.[1] The natural sciences and social sciences are empirical sciences, meaning that the knowledge must be based on observable phenomena and must be capable of being verified by other researchers working under the same conditions.
These three categories make up the fundamental sciences, which form the basis of interdisciplinary and applied sciences such as engineering and medicine. Natural science[edit] Physical science[edit] Physics[edit] Chemistry[edit] Earth science[edit] Ecology[edit] Outline of science. Overview of and topical guide to science Scientific method (outline) – body of techniques for investigating phenomena and acquiring new knowledge, as well as for correcting and integrating previous knowledge.
It is based on observable, empirical, measurable evidence, and subject to laws of reasoning, both deductive and inductive. Branches of science [edit] Branches of science – divisions within science with respect to the entity or system concerned, which typically embodies its own terminology and nomenclature. The most traditional data structure used for organizing the subfields of science is the "tree of knowledge", hence the idea of different scientific "branches".
But over time, several other taxonomic systems have also been proposed for that purpose (such as networks, tables or circular schemes).[1] Branches of formal science (also known as the formal sciences) Branches of natural science (also known as the natural sciences) Branches of social science (also known as the social sciences) Outline of academic disciplines. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Academic fields of study or professions Disciplines vary between well-established ones in almost all universities with well-defined rosters of journals and conferences and nascent ones supported by only a few universities and publications. A discipline may have branches, which are often called sub-disciplines. Also regarded as a Social science Languages and literature [edit] Linguistics listed in Social science Also listed in Applied science Also regarded as the separate, an entry at the highest level of the hierarchy Also regarded as a social science Futurology (also known as future studies or prospective studies) Main articles: Outline of futures studies and Futures studies Also regarded as a formal science Also a branch of electrical engineering Applied mathematics Architecture and design Engineering and technology Chemical engineering Educational technology Electrical engineering Mechanical engineering Environmental studies and forestry Family and consumer science.
Science communication. Science communication generally refers to public communication presenting science-related topics to non-experts. This often involves professional scientists (called "outreach" or "popularization"), but has also evolved into a professional field in its own right. It includes science exhibitions, journalism, policy or media production. Science communication can aim to generate support for scientific research or study, or to inform decision making, including political and ethical thinking. There is increasing emphasis on explaining methods rather than simply findings of science. This may be especially critical in addressing scientific misinformation, which spreads easily because it is not subject to the constraints of scientific method.[1][2][3][4] Science communicators can use entertainment and persuasion including humor, storytelling and metaphors.[3][4] Scientists can be trained in some of the techniques used by actors to improve their communication.[5] Motivations[edit] Methods[edit]
Hard and soft science. Fields of scientific study Hard science and soft science are colloquial terms used to compare scientific fields on the basis of perceived methodological rigor, exactitude, and objectivity.[1][2][3] In general, the formal sciences and natural sciences are considered hard science, whereas the social sciences and other sciences are described as soft science.[4] Philosophers and historians of science have questioned the relationship between these characteristics and perceived hardness or softness. The more "developed" hard sciences do not necessarily have a greater degree of consensus or selectivity in accepting new results.[6] Commonly cited methodological differences are also not a reliable indicator.
For example, social sciences such as psychology and sociology use mathematical models extensively, but are usually considered soft sciences.[1][2] However, there are some measurable differences between hard and soft sciences. History of the terms[edit] Empirical support[edit] Criticism[edit] Natural science. Branch of science about the natural world Natural science or empirical science is one of the branches of science concerned with the description, understanding and prediction of natural phenomena, based on empirical evidence from observation and experimentation.[1] Mechanisms such as peer review and reproducibility of findings are used to try to ensure the validity of scientific advances. Natural science can be divided into two main branches: life science and physical science. Life science is alternatively known as biology. Physical science is subdivided into branches: physics, astronomy, Earth science and chemistry. These branches of natural science may be further divided into more specialized branches (also known as fields).
Modern natural science succeeded more classical approaches to natural philosophy. In natural science, impossibility assertions come to be widely accepted as overwhelmingly probable rather than considered proven to the point of being unchallengeable. [edit] Formal science. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Study of abstract structures described by formal systems Formal science is a branch of science studying disciplines concerned with abstract structures described by formal systems, such as logic, mathematics, statistics, theoretical computer science, artificial intelligence, information theory, game theory, systems theory, decision theory and theoretical linguistics.
Whereas the natural sciences and social sciences seek to characterize physical systems and social systems, respectively, using empirical methods, the formal sciences use language tools concerned with characterizing abstract structures described by formal systems and the deductions that can be made from them. The formal sciences aid the natural and social sciences by providing information about the structures used to describe the physical world, and what inferences may be made about them.[1] Differences from other sciences [edit] ☢️ Social Science. ☢️ Applied Science.
Exact sciences. The distinction between the quantitative exact sciences and those sciences which deal with the causes of things is due to Aristotle, who distinguished mathematics from natural philosophy and considered the exact sciences to be the "more natural of the branches of mathematics. "[8] Thomas Aquinas employed this distinction when he pointed out that astronomy explains the spherical shape of the Earth by mathematical reasoning while physics explains it by material causes.[9] This distinction was widely, but not universally, accepted until the Scientific Revolution of the Seventeenth Century.[10] Edward Grant has proposed that a fundamental change leading to the new sciences was the unification of the exact sciences and physics by Kepler, Newton, and others, which resulted in a quantitative investigation of the physical causes of natural phenomena.[11] See also[edit] References[edit]
Science Buddies. Science Buddies, formerly the Kenneth Lafferty Hess Family Charitable Foundation, is a non-profit organization that provides a website of free science project productivity tools and mentoring to support K-12 students, especially for science fairs. Founded in 2001 by engineer and high-tech businessman, Kenneth Hess, Science Buddies features STEM content and services to assist students and educators. Since its founding, it has expanded its original mission to provide teacher resources targeted for classroom and science fair use. Philosophy[edit] Science Buddies mission is to help students to build their literacy in science and technology so they can become productive and engaged citizens in the 21st century.
The site has personalized learning tools, over 15,000 pages of scientist-developed subject matter (including experiments based on the latest academic research), and an online community of science professionals who volunteer to advise students. About Science Buddies[edit] References[edit]