Semiotica. Da Wikipedia, l'enciclopedia libera. La semiotica (dal termine greco σημεῖον semeion, che significa "segno") è la disciplina che studia i segni e il modo in cui questi abbiano un senso (significazione). Considerato che il segno è in generale "qualcosa che rinvia a qualcos'altro" (per i filosofi medievali "aliquid stat pro aliquo") possiamo dire che la semiotica è la disciplina che studia i fenomeni di significazione e di comunicazione. Per significazione infatti si intende ogni relazione che lega qualcosa di materialmente presente a qualcos'altro di assente (la luce rossa del semaforo significa, o sta per, "stop"). Ogni volta che si mette in pratica o si usa una relazione di significazione si attiva un processo di comunicazione (il semaforo è rosso e quindi arresto l'auto). "Non solo essa spiega i fatti comunicativi, ma permette inoltre di intervenire e di modificarli nel dettaglio con una precisione che manca alle altre discipline.
Le origini[modifica | modifica sorgente] Umberto Eco. Bertrand Russell on God (1959) Jerry Fodor. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Ludwig Wittgenstein. 1. Biographical Sketch Wittgenstein was born on April 26, 1889 in Vienna, Austria, to a wealthy industrial family, well-situated in intellectual and cultural Viennese circles.
In 1908 he began his studies in aeronautical engineering at Manchester University where his interest in the philosophy of pure mathematics led him to Frege. Upon Frege's advice, in 1911 he went to Cambridge to study with Bertrand Russell. During his years in Cambridge, from 1911 to 1913, Wittgenstein conducted several conversations on philosophy and the foundations of logic with Russell, with whom he had an emotional and intense relationship, as well as with Moore and Keynes. In 1920 Wittgenstein, now divorced from philosophy (having, to his mind, solved all philosophical problems in the Tractatus), gave away his part of his family's fortune and pursued several ‘professions’ (gardener, teacher, architect, etc.) in and around Vienna. 2. 2.1 Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus The seven basic propositions are: 3. Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus. The Turing Test. First published Wed Apr 9, 2003; substantive revision Wed Jan 26, 2011 The phrase “The Turing Test” is most properly used to refer to a proposal made by Turing (1950) as a way of dealing with the question whether machines can think.
According to Turing, the question whether machines can think is itself “too meaningless” to deserve discussion (442). However, if we consider the more precise—and somehow related—question whether a digital computer can do well in a certain kind of game that Turing describes (“The Imitation Game”), then—at least in Turing's eyes—we do have a question that admits of precise discussion. Moreover, as we shall see, Turing himself thought that it would not be too long before we did have digital computers that could “do well” in the Imitation Game.
The phrase “The Turing Test” is sometimes used more generally to refer to some kinds of behavioural tests for the presence of mind, or thought, or intelligence in putatively minded entities. 1. 2. The Chinese Room Argument. 1. Overview Work in Artificial Intelligence (AI) has produced computer programs that can beat the world chess champion and defeat the best human players on the television quiz show Jeopardy. AI has also produced programs with which one can converse in natural language, including Apple's Siri. Our experience shows that playing chess or Jeopardy, and carrying on a conversation, are activities that require understanding and intelligence. Does computer prowess at challenging games and conversation then show that computers can understand and be intelligent? Will further development result in digital computers that fully match or even exceed human intelligence?
Searle argues that a good way to test a theory of mind, say a theory that holds that understanding can be created by doing such and such, is to imagine what it would be like to do what the theory says would create understanding. Thirty years later Searle 2010 describes the conclusion in terms of consciousness and intentionality: 2. 17. Luciano Floridi - University of Hertfordshire - University of Oxford.