What is a Hacker? Copyright © 2001 Eric S. Raymond As editor of the Jargon File and author of a few other well-known documents of similar nature, I often get email requests from enthusiastic network newbies asking (in effect) "how can I learn to be a wizardly hacker? ". Back in 1996 I noticed that there didn't seem to be any other FAQs or web documents that addressed this vital question, so I started this one.
A lot of hackers now consider it definitive, and I suppose that means it is. Still, I don't claim to be the exclusive authority on this topic; if you don't like what you read here, write your own. If you are reading a snapshot of this document offline, the current version lives at Note: there is a list of Frequently Asked Questions at the end of this document. The five-dots-in-nine-squares diagram that decorates this document is called a glider. If you find this document valuable, please leave me a tip on Gittip. If you want to be a hacker, keep reading.
How To Become A Hacker. Copyright © 2001 Eric S. Raymond As editor of the Jargon File and author of a few other well-known documents of similar nature, I often get email requests from enthusiastic network newbies asking (in effect) "how can I learn to be a wizardly hacker? ". Back in 1996 I noticed that there didn't seem to be any other FAQs or web documents that addressed this vital question, so I started this one.
A lot of hackers now consider it definitive, and I suppose that means it is. Still, I don't claim to be the exclusive authority on this topic; if you don't like what you read here, write your own. If you are reading a snapshot of this document offline, the current version lives at Note: there is a list of Frequently Asked Questions at the end of this document. The five-dots-in-nine-squares diagram that decorates this document is called a glider. If you find this document valuable, please leave me a tip on Gittip. If you want to be a hacker, keep reading. Free Culture movement. The movement objects to overly-restrictive copyright laws. Many members of the movement argue that such laws hinder creativity.
They call this system "permission culture. "[3] Creative Commons is an organization started by Lawrence Lessig which provides licenses that permit sharing under various conditions, and also offers an online search of various Creative Commons-licensed works. The free culture movement, with its ethos of free exchange of ideas, is aligned with the free software movement. Background[edit] In 1998, the United States Congress passed the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act which President Clinton signed into law. In 1999, Lessig challenged the Bono Act, taking the case to the US Supreme Court. In 2001, Lessig initiated Creative Commons, an alternative “some rights reserved” licensing system to the default “all rights reserved” copyright system. Organizations[edit] Defining freedom[edit] Criticisms[edit] See also[edit] References[edit] External links[edit] Resources. Hackers. Hackers. The GNU Manifesto. The GNU Manifesto (which appears below) was written by Richard Stallman in 1985 to ask for support in developing the GNU operating system.
Part of the text was taken from the original announcement of 1983. Through 1987, it was updated in minor ways to account for developments; since then, it seems best to leave it unchanged. Since that time, we have learned about certain common misunderstandings that different wording could help avoid. Footnotes added since 1993 help clarify these points. If you want to install the GNU/Linux system, we recommend you use one of the 100% free software GNU/Linux distributions. For how to contribute, see The GNU Project is part of the Free Software Movement, a campaign for freedom for users of software. What's GNU? GNU, which stands for Gnu's Not Unix, is the name for the complete Unix-compatible software system which I am writing so that I can give it away free to everyone who can use it.(1) Several other volunteers are helping me.
\" Liberté, égalité, fraternité \" interview de Richard Stallman. GNU Project. The GNU logo, by Etienne Suvasa The GNU Project i/ɡnuː/[1] is a free software, mass collaboration project, announced on 27 September 1983, by Richard Stallman at MIT. Its aim is to give computer users freedom and control in their use of their computers and computing devices, by collaboratively developing and providing software that is based on the following freedom rights: users are free to run the software, share it (copy, distribute), study it and modify it.
GNU software guarantees these freedom-rights legally (via its license), and is therefore free software; the use of the word "free" always being taken to refer to freedom. In order to ensure that the entire software of a computer grants its users all freedom rights (use, share, study, modify), even the most fundamental and important part, the operating system (including all its numerous utility programs), needed to be written. Origins[edit] GNU Manifesto[edit] Philosophy and activism[edit] Participation[edit] Free software[edit] What is Copyleft? Copyleft is a general method for making a program (or other work) free, and requiring all modified and extended versions of the program to be free as well. The simplest way to make a program free software is to put it in the public domain, uncopyrighted. This allows people to share the program and their improvements, if they are so minded.
But it also allows uncooperative people to convert the program into proprietary software. They can make changes, many or few, and distribute the result as a proprietary product. In the GNU project, our aim is to give all users the freedom to redistribute and change GNU software. Copyleft also provides an incentive for other programmers to add to free software. Copyleft also helps programmers who want to contribute improvements to free software get permission to do so. Proprietary software developers use copyright to take away the users' freedom; we use copyright to guarantee their freedom. Copyleft is a way of using of the copyright on the program. Freedom Or Power? By Bradley M. Kuhn and Richard M. Stallman The love of liberty is the love of others; the love of power is the love of ourselves. -- William Hazlitt In the free software movement, we stand for freedom for the users of software. We formulated our views by looking at what freedoms are necessary for a good way of life, and permit useful programs to foster a community of goodwill, cooperation, and collaboration.
Our criteria for free software specify the freedoms that a program's users need so that they can cooperate in a community. We stand for freedom for programmers as well as for other users. However, one so-called freedom that we do not advocate is the “freedom to choose any license you want for software you write.”
This oft overlooked distinction is crucial. Making a program proprietary is an exercise of power. Proprietary software developers are often businesses. Discussions of rights and rules for software have often concentrated on the interests of programmers alone. Footnotes. The Free Universal Encyclopedia and Learning Resource - GNU Proj. Announcement of the Project by Richard Stallman The World Wide Web has the potential to develop into a universal encyclopedia covering all areas of knowledge, and a complete library of instructional courses.
This outcome could happen without any special effort, if no one interferes. But corporations are mobilizing now to direct the future down a different track—one in which they control and restrict access to learning materials, so as to extract money from people who want to learn. To ensure that the web develops toward the best and most natural outcome, where it becomes a free encyclopedia, we must make a conscious effort to prevent deliberate sequestration of the encyclopedic and educational information on the net. The rest of this article aims to lay out what the free encyclopedia needs to do, what sort of freedoms it needs to give the public, and how we can get started on developing it. An encyclopedia located everywhere. The free encyclopedia will not be published in any one place. Home | Open Source Initiative. Open Source Initiative. Non-profit organization promoting open-source software The Open Source Initiative (OSI) is a non-profit organization dedicated to promoting open-source software.
The organization was founded in late February 1998 by Bruce Perens and Eric S. Raymond, part of a group inspired by the Netscape Communications Corporation publishing the source code for its flagship Netscape Communicator product. Later, in August 1998, the organization added a board of directors. History[edit] In 2009, the OSI was temporarily suspended from operation as a California corporation, apparently in response to a complaint concerning tax paperwork from earlier years.[14][clarification needed] Its current status is "Active".[15] On November 8, 2013, OSI appointed Patrick Masson as its General Manager.[19] Relationship with the free software movement[edit] Board members[edit] The current Open Source Initiative board of Directors is:[23] Past board members include: See also[edit] References[edit] External links[edit]
About. Want to let people share and use your photographs, but not allow companies to sell them? Looking for access to course materials from the world’s top universities? Want to encourage readers to re-publish your blog posts, as long as they give you credit? Looking for songs that you can use and remix, royalty-free? If you answered yes to any of the questions above, then you should learn more about Creative Commons.
Probably the quickest and easiest introduction to CC is to watch the following short video: What is Creative Commons? Creative Commons is a nonprofit organization that enables the sharing and use of creativity and knowledge through free legal tools. Our free, easy-to-use copyright licenses provide a simple, standardized way to give the public permission to share and use your creative work — on conditions of your choice. Creative Commons licenses are not an alternative to copyright. What can Creative Commons do for me? Our mission Our vision Why CC? What we provide Where we’re going Volunteer. Free Software Song. Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre. Stallman raconte l'avoir écrite pendant une convention de science-fiction, lors d'une session de filk music, alors qu'il attendait son tour pour chanter[2]. La chanson est utilisée non seulement par les supporters de Stallman comme un hymne (elle est par exemple interprétée lors d'interventions de Stallman dans des conférences[3]), mais aussi par ses détracteurs comme une démonstration de leurs critiques (Jamie Zawinski l'a ainsi présentée comme une « preuve de pourquoi la coopération avec [Stallman] est impossible »[4]).
Paroles[modifier | modifier le code] Les paroles sont distribuées avec une notice de copyright indiquant la date de 1993, et autorisant leur diffusion à condition qu'elles ne soient pas modifiées (« verbatim ») et que la notice soit préservée. Versions, utilisations et reprises[modifier | modifier le code] Références[modifier | modifier le code] Liens externes[modifier | modifier le code]