Peasants' Revolt. The Peasants' Revolt, also called Wat Tyler's Rebellion or the Great Rising, was a major uprising across large parts of England in 1381. The revolt had various causes, including the socio-economic and political tensions generated by the Black Death in the 1340s, the high taxes resulting from the conflict with France during the Hundred Years War, and instability within the local leadership of London. The final trigger for the revolt was the intervention of a royal official, John Bampton, in Essex on 30 May 1381.
His attempts to collect unpaid poll taxes in the town of Brentwood ended in a violent confrontation, which rapidly spread across the south-east of the country. A wide spectrum of rural society, including many local artisans and village officials, rose up in protest, burning court records and opening the local gaols. The rebels sought a reduction in taxation, an end to the system of unfree labour known as serfdom and the removal of the King's senior officials and law courts. The Peasants Revolt. The Peasants Revolt 1381The Middle Ages encompass one of the most exciting periods in English History. One of the most important historical events of the Medieval era is the The Peasants Revolt. What were the key dates of this famous historical event? What were the names of the Medieval people who were involved in this historical occasion? Interesting facts and information about the The Peasants Revolt in 1381 are detailed below.
The Story and Background the Peasants RevoltThe peasants who survived the Black Death (1348-1350) believed that there was something special about them – almost as if God had protected them. Peasants could demand higher wages as they knew that a lord was desperate to get in his harvest. The Cause of the Peasants RevoltTo curb peasants roaming around the countryside looking for better pay, the government introduced the Statute of Labourers in 1351 that stated: "When Adam Delved and Eve SpanWho was then the Gentleman?
" "fell on the food and drink that was found. The Peasants Revolt | Middle Ages. Written by Simon Newman History - Middle Ages Medieval England experienced a surprisingly few number of revolts, especially given the constant threat of war and the rising taxes pushed on peasants to fund the feuds. However, one of the most serious and most notable revolts was the Peasants’ Revolt which occurred during June 1381. Before the Peasants’ Revolt in 1381 a feudal system existed that kept both peasant and landlord relatively happy. England’s strict laws and harsh punishments ensured that peasants adhered to the laws, and peasants were forbidden to travel to different parts of the country to look for new opportunities and higher wages unless they had their lord’s expressed permission.
However, there was a series of circumstances that contributed to the uprising that is now known as the Peasants’ Revolt. Causes of the Peasants’ Revolt - Emboldened by the Black Death Their survival against one of the most horrifying plagues of all time emboldened them. Early Uprising in Essex. Black Death. Spread of the Black Death in Europe (1346–53) The Black Death is thought to have originated in the arid plains of central Asia, where it then travelled along the Silk Road, reaching the Crimea by 1343.[6] From there, it was most likely carried by Oriental rat fleas living on the black rats that were regular passengers on merchant ships. Spreading throughout the Mediterranean and Europe, the Black Death is estimated to have killed 30–60% of Europe's total population.[7] In total, the plague reduced the world population from an estimated 450 million down to 350–375 million in the 14th century.
The aftermath of the plague created a series of religious, social, and economic upheavals, which had profound effects on the course of European history. It took 150 years for Europe's population to recover. Chronology Origins of the disease Plague was reportedly first introduced to Europe at the trading city of Caffa in the Crimea in 1347. European outbreak Middle Eastern outbreak Symptoms Naming Causes. Consequences of the Black Death. Illustration of the Black Death from the Toggenburg Bible (1411) The consequences of the Black Death included a series of religious, social and economic upheavals, which had profound effects on the course of European history.
The Black Death was one of the most devastating pandemics in human history, peaking in Europe between 1347 and 1350 with 30–60 percent of Europe's population killed.[1] It reduced world population from an estimated 450 million to between 350 and 375 million in the 14th century. It took 150 and in some areas more than 250 years for Europe's population to recover. Death toll[edit] Figures for the death toll vary widely by area and from source to source as new research and discoveries come to light.
It killed an estimated 75–200 million people in the 14th century.[2][3][4] According to medieval historian Philip Daileader in 2007: The trend of recent research is pointing to a figure more like 45% to 50% of the European population dying during a four-year period. Tax per head. A poll tax (head tax or capitation tax, in U.S. English) is a tax of a portioned, fixed amount applied to an individual in accordance with the census (as opposed to a percentage of income). Head taxes were important sources of revenue for many governments from ancient times until the 19th century. There have been several famous (and infamous) cases of head taxes in history, notably in parts of the United States with the intent of disenfranchising poor people, including African Americans, Native Americans, and white people of foreign descent.
The tax was marginal and never collected in practice, but payment of the tax would be a prerequisite for minority voting. In the United Kingdom, poll taxes were levied by the governments of John of Gaunt in the 14th century, Charles II in the 17th and Margaret Thatcher in the 20th century. The word poll is an English word that once meant "head" - and still does, in some specialized contexts - hence the name poll tax for a per-person tax. Grundherrschaft. Die herrschaftliche Organisationsform der Grundherrschaft − in Österreich und anderen Gebieten auch Erbuntertänigkeit oder Patrimonialherrschaft genannt − war eine vom Mittelalter bis zum Jahr 1848 und der Bauernbefreiung vorherrschende rechtliche, wirtschaftliche und soziale Besitzstruktur des ländlichen Raums. Grundherrschaft ist ein kennzeichnender Begriff aus der mittelalterlichen und neuzeitlichen Sozial- und Rechtsgeschichte.
Barhäuptige Bauern liefern ihre Abgaben an den Grundherrn ab. Holzschnitt aus dem 15. Jahrhundert Ausbildung während der Feudalzeit[Bearbeiten] Allerdings hatte der Grundherr für den Gehorsam seiner meist mittellosen Grundholden (Untertanen) Schutz und Schirm zu gewähren. Kennzeichen der Untertänigkeit[Bearbeiten] Pflichten des Grundherrn[Bearbeiten] Der Grundherr hatte Pflichten nach dem Grundsatz „Treue und Gehorsam gegen Schutz und Schirm“. Überblick zur historischen Entwicklung[Bearbeiten] In der zweiten Hälfte des 18. Leibeigenschaft. Serfdom. "Serf" redirects here. For the saint, see Saint Serf. For the type of magnetometer, see SERF. Serfdom is the status of peasants under feudalism, specifically relating to manorialism. It was a condition of bondage which developed primarily during the High Middle Ages in Europe and lasted in some countries until the mid-19th century. Serfs who occupied a plot of land were required to work for the Lord of the Manor who owned that land, and in return were entitled to protection, justice and the right to exploit certain fields within the manor to maintain their own subsistence.
The decline of serfdom in Western Europe has sometimes been attributed to the Black Death, which reached Europe in 1347,[1] although the decline had begun before that date. In Eastern Europe the institution persisted until the mid-19th century. According to Joseph R. United Nations 1956 Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery also prohibits serfdom as a form of slavery. Etymology Becoming a serf Freemen Slaves. Richard II of England. Richard, a son of Edward, the Black Prince, was born during the reign of his grandfather, Edward III. Richard was the younger brother of Edward of Angoulême; upon the death of this elder brother, Richard—at four years of age—became second in line to the throne after his father.
Upon the death of Richard's father prior to the death of Edward III, Richard, by agnatic succession, became the first in line for the throne. With Edward III's death the following year, Richard succeeded to the throne at the age of ten. During Richard's first years as king, government was in the hands of a series of councils. The political community preferred this to a regency led by the king's uncle, John of Gaunt, yet Gaunt remained highly influential. Early life[edit] Richard of Bordeaux was the younger son of Edward, the Black Prince, and Joan of Kent ("The Fair Maid of Kent"). Peasants' Revolt[edit] Coming of age[edit] Tensions came to a head over the approach to the war in France. First crisis of 1386–88[edit] John Ball (Priester) Ein Stich von John Ball Cristine und Pierre Lauffray: Die großen Dynastien Europas. Die Plantagenets. Éditions Rencontre, Lausanne 1969, S. 234 ff.
Wat Tyler. Wat Tyler wird von William Walworth, dem Bürgermeister von London, unter den Augen von Richard II. angegriffen Wat Tyler (eigentlich Walter Tyler; † 15. Juni 1381 in Smithfield, heute London) war ein englischer Bauernführer, der 1381 die Peasants’ Revolt anführte; sein Nachname Tyler („Ziegelbrenner“) bezeichnet eigentlich seinen Beruf. Am 14. Juni begannen in Smithfield, unmittelbar nördlich der Stadt, Verhandlungen mit dem König. Bei den Gesprächen stellte Wat Tyler weitreichende radikale Forderungen, so die Konfiszierung von Kirchengütern und die Abschaffung von Leibeigenschaft und Ständeordnung.
Doch Tyler provozierte die Gegenseite mit abfälligen Bemerkungen, woraufhin William Walworth, der Bürgermeister von London, sein Schwert zog und ihn schwer verletzte. 1794 verarbeitete Robert Southey Tylers Leben in dem nach ihm betitelten Gedicht Wat Tyler. Der Musiker Frank Turner hat die Geschichte von Wat Tyler in seinem Lied Sons Of Liberty verarbeitet. Einzelnachweise[Bearbeiten] The Death of Wat Tyler : (Y55) CAC. The Anonimalle Chronicle provides the most detailed account of what happened during the Peasants' Revolt. Historians believe that the author was an eyewitness of most of the episodes he describes. Research suggests it was based on an interview with William de Pakington, one of Richard ll's clerks.
Pakington was with the king during the Peasants' Revolt and would have been in a good position to observe what happened. Wat Tyler of Maidstone approached the king mounted on a small horse... The king said to Tyler, "Why will you not go back home? ". Wat Tyler asked that no lord shall have lordship in future, but that land should be divided among all men. The king said that Wat Tyler should have all that he could fairly grant. Wat Tyler heard these words... and ordered one of his followers, who was mounted on horseback, to dismount and behead the valet... When the commons saw him fall they did not know for certain how it happened. When the king reached St. St. Popular revolt in late-medieval Europe. Popular revolts in late medieval Europe were uprisings and rebellions by (typically) peasants in the countryside, or the bourgeois in towns, against nobles, abbots and kings during the upheavals of the 14th through early 16th centuries, part of a larger "Crisis of the Late Middle Ages".
Although sometimes known as Peasant Revolts, the phenomenon of popular uprisings was of broad scope and not just restricted to peasants. In Central Europe and the Balkan region, these rebellions expressed, and helped cause, a political and social disunity paving the way for the expansion of the Ottoman Empire. Background[edit] Before the 14th century, popular uprisings (such as uprisings at a manor house against an unpleasant overlord), though not unknown, tended to operate on a local scale. This changed in the 14th and 15th centuries when new downward pressures on the poor resulted in mass movements of popular uprisings across Europe.
Causes[edit] Notable rural revolts[edit] Notable urban revolts[edit] Jack Cade. Jack Cade was the leader of a popular revolt against the government of England in 1450. At the time of the revolt, the weak and unpopular King Henry VI was on the throne. While little is known about the rebel leader himself, the events of the rebellion to which he gave his name are well recorded in fifteenth-century chronicles.[2] The Jack Cade Rebellion stemmed from local grievances concerned about the corruption and abuse of power surrounding the king's regime and his closest advisors. Furthermore the rebels were angered by the debt caused by years of warfare against France and the recent loss of Normandy. Leading an army of men from Kent and the surrounding counties, Jack Cade marched on London in order to force the government to end the corruption and remove the traitors surrounding the king's person.
Despite Cade's attempt to keep his men under control once the rebel forces had entered London they began to loot. Identity[edit] Origins of the Jack Cade Rebellion[edit] Rebellion[edit]