Encyclopedia:Computational neuroscience. Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies (BRAIN) Neurochip. A neurochip is a chip (integrated circuit/microprocessor) that is designed for the interaction with neuronal cells. Formation[edit] It is made of silicon that is doped in such a way that it contains EOSFETs (electrolyte-oxide-semiconductor FET) that can sense the electrical activity of the neurons (action potentials) in the above-standing physiological electrolyte solution. It also contains capacitors for the electrical stimulation of the neurons. The University of Calgary, Faculty of Medicine scientists who proved it is possible to cultivate a network of brain cells that reconnect on a silicon chip—or the brain on a microchip—have developed new technology that monitors brain cell activity at a resolution never achieved before.
Naweed Syed's lab cultivated brain cells on a microchip. The new neurochips are also automated, meaning that anyone can learn to place individual brain cells on them. Applications[edit] Present applications are neuron research. See also[edit] References[edit] Neurochip. A wireless and fully implantable recording system for ECoG signals. Massively parallel, chronic measurements of neuronal activity over long periods of time are important for fundamental research as well as medical applications.
Major requirements for such an electrophysiological recording system are medical safety and a large number of electrodes allowing recordings with high spatial and temporal resolution. In order to address these requirements, we are developing a fully implantable, wireless recording system for electrocorticography (ECoG). Without any wired connection passing through the skull, we avoid any points of entry for infections and remove the risk of inflicting harm by pulling the cables. Our system approach is defined as follows: A thin foil carries the necessary electronics and a set of embedded electrodes interfacing the surface of the brain.
To implement this concept, a 10µm thick polyimide foil, providing an active area of 135mm² with 128 embedded gold electrodes, was fabricated in our clean room. Electrocorticography. Electrocorticography (ECoG), or intracranial EEG (iEEG), is the practice of using electrodes placed directly on the exposed surface of the brain to record electrical activity from the cerebral cortex. ECoG may be performed either in the operating room during surgery (intraoperative ECoG) or outside of surgery (extraoperative ECoG). Because a craniotomy (a surgical incision into the skull) is required to implant the electrode grid, ECoG is an invasive procedure. History[edit] ECoG was pioneered in the early 1950s by Wilder Penfield and Herbert Jasper, neurosurgeons at the Montreal Neurological Institute.[1] The two developed ECoG as part of their groundbreaking Montreal procedure, a surgical protocol used to treat patients with severe epilepsy.
The cortical potentials recorded by ECoG were used to identify epileptogenic zones – regions of the cortex that generate epileptic seizures. Electrophysiological basis[edit] Procedure[edit] DCES[edit] Clinical applications[edit] Extraoperative ECoG. Algorithms that decode neuron signals. Neurophysiology. Neurophysiology (from Greek νεῦρον, neuron, "nerve"; φύσις, physis, "nature, origin"; and -λογία, -logia) is a branch of physiology and neuroscience that is concerned with the study of the functioning of the nervous system.
The primary tools of basic neurophysiological research include electrophysiological recordings such as patch clamp and calcium imaging, as well as some of the common tools of molecular biology. Neurophysiology is connected with electrophysiology, neurobiology, psychology, neurology, clinical neurophysiology, neuroanatomy, cognitive science, biophysics, mathematical biology, and other brain sciences.[1] History[edit] Neurophysiology has been a subject of study since as early as 4,000 B.C. In the early B.C. years, most studies were of different natural sedatives like alcohol and poppy plants. In 177 Galen theorized that human thought occurred in the brain, as opposed to the heart as Aristotle had theorized. See also[edit] References[edit] Sources[edit] Neuroscience. Neuroscience is the scientific study of the nervous system.[1] Traditionally, neuroscience has been seen as a branch of biology.
However, it is currently an interdisciplinary science that collaborates with other fields such as chemistry, computer science, engineering, linguistics, mathematics, medicine and allied disciplines, philosophy, physics, and psychology. It also exerts influence on other fields, such as neuroeducation[2] and neurolaw. The term neurobiology is usually used interchangeably with the term neuroscience, although the former refers specifically to the biology of the nervous system, whereas the latter refers to the entire science of the nervous system. Because of the increasing number of scientists who study the nervous system, several prominent neuroscience organizations have been formed to provide a forum to all neuroscientists and educators.
History[edit] The study of the nervous system dates back to ancient Egypt. Modern neuroscience[edit] Human nervous system. Neuroscience.