Riyad-us Saliheen Brigade of Martyrs. Riyad-us Saliheen (Russian: Риядус-Салихийн, also transliterated as Riyadus-Salikhin, Riyad us-Saliheyn or Riyad us-Salihiin) is the name of a small "martyr" (shahid) force of Islamic suicide attackers. Its original leader (amir) was the Chechen separatist commander Shamil Basayev. In February and March 2003 the group was designated by the United States and subsequently by the United Nations[1] as a terrorist organization. After several years of inactivity, Riyad-us Saliheen was reactivated by the Caucasus Emirate in 2009[2] under the command of Said Buryatsky;[3] following his death Aslan Byutukayev (more commonly known as Emir Khamzat) became its new leader.[4] History[edit] The most recent operation claimed by the Brigade was the assassination of the convicted Russian war criminal Yuri Budanov in Moscow on 10 June 2011.[14] However, this was refuted by the rebel website Kavkaz Center the very next day,[13] triggering confusion over the original claim.
See also[edit] References[edit] 7 July 2005 London bombings. The 7 July 2005 London bombings (often referred to as 7/7) were a series of coordinated suicide attacks in central London, which targeted civilians using the public transport system during the morning rush hour. On the morning of Thursday, 7 July 2005, four Islamist men detonated four bombs—three in quick succession aboard London Underground trains across the city and, later, a fourth on a double-decker bus in Tavistock Square. As well as the four bombers, 52 civilians were killed and over 700 more were injured in the attacks, which became the United Kingdom's worst terrorist incident since the 1988 Lockerbie bombing as well as the country's first ever suicide attack.
The explosions were caused by homemade organic peroxide–based devices packed into rucksacks. The bombings were followed two weeks later by a series of attempted attacks which failed to cause injury or damage. Attacks[edit] London Underground[edit] Tavistock Square bus[edit] Locations of the bombings on a Central London tube map. 2004 Madrid train bombings.
The 2004 Madrid train bombings (also known in Spain as 11-M) were nearly simultaneous, coordinated bombings against the Cercanías commuter train system of Madrid, Spain, on the morning of 11 March 2004 – three days before Spain's general elections and two and a half years after the September 11 attacks in the United States. The explosions killed 191 people and wounded 1,800.[1] The official investigation by the Spanish judiciary found that the attacks were directed by an al-Qaeda-inspired terrorist cell,[3][4] although no direct al-Qaeda participation has been established.[5][6][7] Though they had no role in the planning or implementation, the Spanish miners who sold the explosives to the terrorists were also arrested.[8][9][10] Description of the bombings[edit] During the peak of Madrid rush hour on the morning of Thursday, 11 March 2004, ten explosions occurred aboard four commuter trains (cercanías).[26] The date led to the popular abbreviation of the incident as "11-M".
Abu Sayyaf. Abu Sayyaf ( Since its inception in the early 1990s, the group has carried out bombings, kidnappings, assassinations and extortion[8] in what they describe as their fight for an independent Islamic province in the Philippines.[9] Abu Sayyaf seeks the establishment of an Iranian-style Islamic theocracy in the southern Philippines.[10] Abu Sayyaf forces in Basilan and in Zamboanga Peninsula were, by June 2003, believed to number less than 500, down from more than 1,000 a year earlier. They use mostly grenades, bombs, machine guns, rifles, and rocket launchers. The United States Department of State has classified the group as a terrorist group by adding it to the list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations.[9] In 2002, fighting Abu Sayyaf became a mission of the American military's Operation Enduring Freedom and part of the U.S. Abu Sayyaf is also involved in criminal activities, including kidnapping, rape, child sexual assault, drive-by shooting, extortion, and drug trafficking.[13]
Islamic insurgency in the Philippines. In 1969, political tensions and open hostilities developed between the Government of the Philippines and jihadist rebel groups.[14] The Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) was established by University of the Philippines professor Nur Misuari to condemn the killings of more than 60 Filipino Muslims and later became an aggressor against the government while the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF), a splinter group from the MNLF, was established to seek an Islamic state within the Philippines and is more radical and more aggressive.
Conflict dates back to 1899 during the uprising of the Bangsamoro people to resist foreign rule from the United States. Hostilities ignited again starting in the 1960s when the government started to resist upcoming rebellions by killing more than 60 Filipino Muslims and continues up to present. Origins[edit] The aftermath of the First Battle of Bud Dajo Fronts and captures in Basilan Insurrection began in 1900 and lasted for a year. History[edit] C. Background. Mughal Empire. The Mughal Empire (Urdu: مغلیہ سلطنت, Mug̱ẖliyah Salṭanat),[4] self-designated as Gurkani (Persian: گورکانیان, Gūrkāniyān),[5] was an empire extending over large parts of the Indian subcontinent and ruled by a dynasty of Chagatai-Turkic origin.[6][7][8] In the early 16th century, northern India, being then under mainly Muslim rulers, fell to the superior mobility and firepower of the Mughals. The resulting Mughal Empire did not stamp out the local societies it came to rule, but rather balanced and pacified them through new administrative practices and diverse and inclusive ruling elites, leading to more systematic, centralised, and uniform rule.
Eschewing tribal bonds and Islamic identity, especially under Akbar, the Mughals united their far-flung realms through loyalty, expressed through a Persianised culture, to an emperor who had near-divine status. The "classic period" of the empire started in 1556 with the ascension of Akbar the Great to the throne. Etymology History. Battle of Talas. The Battle of Talas (or Battle of Artlakh) (怛羅斯會戰) (معركة نهر طلاس) in 751 AD was a conflict between the Arab Abbasid Caliphate and the Chinese Tang Dynasty, then under Emperor Xuanzong (together with various other peoples and nations associated with the geographical territory involved) for control not only of the Syr Darya region, but also a strategic area of Central Asia.
The Battle of Talas marked the end of the Tang Dynasty's western expansion of their territory, this representing the furthest point of territorial expansion to the west by the Tang, or any prior or subsequent Chinese dynasties. Leading up to this battlefield showdown, the Tang army had proceeded further and further westward, in a series of military events during the course of which various cities and states were conquered or overthrown. Meanwhile, a new power had arisen in the region. Location[edit] Background[edit] Battle[edit] The Tang army was subjected to a devastating defeat. Papermaking[edit] See also[edit] Yom Kippur War. The Yom Kippur War, Ramadan War, or October War (Hebrew: מלחמת יום הכיפורים Milẖemet Yom HaKipurim or מלחמת יום כיפור Milẖemet Yom Kipur; Arabic: حرب أكتوبر ḥarb ʾUktōbar, or حرب تشرين ḥarb Tišrīn), also known as the 1973 Arab–Israeli War, was a war fought by the coalition of Arab states led by Egypt and Syria against Israel from October 6 to 25, 1973.
The war began when the Arab coalition launched a joint surprise attack on Israeli positions in the Israeli-occupied territories on Yom Kippur, the holiest day in Judaism, which occurred that year during the Muslim holy month of Ramadan. Egyptian and Syrian forces crossed ceasefire lines to enter the Sinai Peninsula and Golan Heights respectively, which had been captured by Israel in the 1967 Six-Day War. Both the United States and the Soviet Union initiated massive resupply efforts to their respective allies during the war, and this led to a near-confrontation between the two nuclear superpowers.[44] Background According to Chaim Herzog: Six-Day War. The Six-Day War (Hebrew: מלחמת ששת הימים, Milhemet Sheshet Ha Yamim; Arabic: النكسة, an-Naksah, "The Setback" or حرب ۱۹٦۷, Ḥarb 1967, "War of 1967"), also known as the June War, 1967 Arab–Israeli War, or Third Arab–Israeli War, was fought between June 5 and 10, 1967, by Israel and the neighboring states of Egypt (known at the time as the United Arab Republic), Jordan, and Syria.
The war began on June 5 with Israel launching surprise strikes against Egyptian air-fields in response to the mobilisation of Egyptian forces on the Israeli border. A period of high tension had preceded the war. Background and summary of events leading to war After the 1956 Suez Crisis, there were numerous minor border clashes between Israel and its Arab neighbors, particularly Syria. On November 4, 1966, the Soviet Union vetoed a six-Power resolution inviting Syria to prevent incidents that constituted a violation of the General Armistice Agreement.[24] Events: Israel–Jordan Events: Israel–Syria Arab preparations. 2006 Lebanon War. Smoke over Haifa, Israel, after a rocket launched by Hezbollah hit the city near Bnei-Zion hospital The conflict was precipitated by Zar'it-Shtula incident, On 12 July 2006, militants from the group Hezbollah fired rockets at Israeli border towns as a diversion for an anti-tank missile attack on two armored Humvees patrolling the Israeli side of the border fence.[36] The ambush left three soldiers dead.
Two soldiers were kidnapped and taken by Hezbollah to Lebanon.[36][37] Five more were killed in Lebanon, in a failed rescue attempt. Hezbollah demanded the release of Lebanese prisoners held by Israel in exchange for the release of the abducted soldiers.[38] Israel refused and responded with airstrikes and artillery fire on targets in Lebanon aimed at Hezbollah military targets and Lebanese civilian infrastructure, including Beirut's Rafic Hariri International Airport,[39] an air and naval blockade,[40] and a ground invasion of southern Lebanon.
Background[edit] Israeli response[edit] Gaza War. The Gaza War, also known as Operation Cast Lead (מבצע עופרת יצוקה) and Gaza Massacre (مجزرة غزة)[38][39][40] or the Battle of al-Furqan [the criterion] (معركة الفرقان)[41][42] was a three-week armed conflict in the Gaza Strip between Israel and Palestinian militants that began on 27 December 2008 and ended on 18 January 2009 in a unilateral ceasefire.[43] Israel's stated goal was to stop rocket fire into Israel[44] and weapons smuggling into the Gaza strip.[45][46] After the beginning of the conflict, Palestinian groups continued firing rockets in response to what they characterized as "massacres".[47] Israeli forces attacked police stations, military targets including weapons caches and suspected rocket firing teams,[48] as well as political and administrative institutions in the opening assault, striking in the densely populated cities of Gaza, Khan Yunis and Rafah.[49] An Israeli ground invasion began on January 3.
Background[edit] 2008 six-month lull[edit] Implementation[edit] Iraq War. Prior to the war, the governments of the United States and the United Kingdom claimed that Iraq's alleged possession of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) posed a threat to their security and that of their coalition/regional allies.[49][50][51] In 2002, the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 1441 which called for Iraq to completely cooperate with UN weapon inspectors to verify that Iraq was not in possession of WMD and cruise missiles. Prior to the attack, the United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission (UNMOVIC) found no evidence of WMD, but could not yet verify the accuracy of Iraq's declarations regarding what weapons it possessed, as their work was still unfinished. The leader of the inspectors, Hans Blix, estimated the time remaining for disarmament being verified through inspections to be "months". [nb 2][52][53][54][55] Background[edit] Iraq disarmament and pre-war intelligence[edit] UN weapons inspections resume[edit] Yellowcake uranium[edit]
Invasion of Dagestan (1999) The Invasion of Dagestan,[4] also known as the War in Dagestan[5] and Dagestan War,[6] began, when the Chechnya-based Islamic International Brigade (IIB), an Islamist militia, led by warlords Shamil Basayev and Ibn al-Khattab, invaded the neighbouring Russian republic of Dagestan on 2 August 1999, in support of the Shura of Dagestan separatist rebels. The war ended with a major Russian victory and the retreat of the IIB. The Invasion of Dagestan served as the casus belli for the Second Chechen War. Background[edit] During the inter-war period from 1996 to 1999, war-ravaged Chechnya descended into anarchy and economic collapse. Aslan Maskhadov's government was unable to rebuild the region and to prevent a number of warlords from taking effective control. The relationship between the government and radicals worsened. In March, 1999, Maskhadov closed down the Chechen parliament and introduced aspects of Sharia law. The Invasion and the Russian Counter-Attack[edit] Aftermath[edit]
Second Chechen War. On 1 October Russian troops entered Chechnya.[23][24] The campaign ended the de facto independence of Chechen Republic of Ichkeria and restored Russian federal control over the territory. Although it is regarded by many as an internal conflict within the Russian Federation, the war attracted a large number of foreign fighters. As of 2009, Russia has severely disabled the Chechen separatist movement and large-scale fighting has ceased. Russian army and interior ministry troops no longer occupy the streets.
The once-leveled city of Grozny has recently undergone massive reconstruction efforts and much of the city and surrounding areas have been rebuilt at a quick pace. On 15 April 2009, the counter-terrorism operation in Chechnya was officially ended.[1] As the main bulk of the army was withdrawn, the burden of dealing with the ongoing low-level insurgency mainly fell on the shoulders of the local police force. The exact death toll from this conflict is unknown. Russian Empire[edit] Fall of Constantinople. The Fall of Constantinople (Greek: Άλωση της Κωνσταντινούπολης, Alōsē tēs Kōnstantinoupolēs; Turkish: İstanbul'un Fethi Conquest of Istanbul) was the capture of Constantinople, the capital of the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire, which occurred after a siege by the invading Ottoman Empire, under the command of 21-year-old Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II, against the defending army commanded by Byzantine Emperor Constantine XI Palaiologos.
The siege lasted from Friday, 6 April 1453 until Tuesday, 29 May 1453 (according to the Julian calendar), when the city fell and was finally conquered by the Ottomans. The capture of Constantinople (and two other Byzantine splinter territories soon thereafter) marked the end of the Roman Empire, an imperial state which had lasted for nearly 1,500 years.[27] The Ottoman conquest of Constantinople also dealt a massive blow to Christendom, as the Ottoman armies thereafter were free to advance into Europe without an adversary to their rear.
Preparations[edit] Battle of Vienna. Ottoman Empire. Muslim conquests. 2008 Mumbai attacks. Moscow theater hostage crisis. Beslan school hostage crisis. 2007 bomb plot in Germany. Strasbourg Cathedral bombing plot.