6.-Reducing-People’s-Vulnerability-to-Natural-Hazards1. Risk interpretation and action: A conceptual framework for responses to natural hazards. Open Access Abstract Understanding how people interpret risks and choose actions based on their interpretations is vital to any strategy for disaster reduction. We review relevant literature with the aim of developing a conceptual framework to guide future research in this area. We stress that risks in the context of natural hazards always involve interactions between natural (physical) and human (behavioural) factors. Decision-making under conditions of uncertainty is inadequately described by traditional models of 'rational choice'. Instead, attention needs to be paid to how people's interpretations of risks are shaped by their own experience, personal feelings and values, cultural beliefs and interpersonal and societal dynamics. Keywords Risk; Hazard; Interpretation; Decision; Trust 1. A recent report [1] highlighted the need for a better understanding of human decision-making in the face of risk as a priority for disaster risk reduction, noting that 2.
Economics focus: The cost of calamity. THE full extent of the damage from the tsunami that hit Japan's north-eastern coast on March 11th is not yet known, but early estimates of the cost are big. Rebuilding homes, factories, roads and bridges could cost as much as $200 billion, some reckon. Quite apart from these direct costs, is the disaster likely to do lasting harm to Japan's economy? Much will depend on the success of efforts to prevent a nuclear catastrophe. Assuming the situation at the Fukushima Dai-ichi plant stabilises, the contours of the economic impact of the tsunami itself can already be discerned.
Natural disasters disrupt production, much as less destructive episodes of bad weather do. In Japan the interruption to electricity supply means that output has been affected even in areas the tsunami did not directly inundate. But such disruption is unlikely to persist. How much a natural disaster reduces output over the medium term depends on a number of factors. A glimmer, at least. Earth Science Resources- Volcanoes. Chile September 2015. Publications: National Parks UK. Thurnedyke windpump, The Broads. Flemming hut circles, Dartmoor NP. Exmoor ponies, Landacre, Exmoor NP. View towards the Langdales, Lake District NP. Heather moorland, Northumberland NP. Bucklers Hard, New Forest NP. Apple orchard, South Downs NP. Patchwork fields, Yorkshire Dales NP. Stepping stones over the River Dove in Dovedale, Peak District National Park Here you will find a range of publications and policy position statements produced by National Parks England.
Publications National Parks: England's Wildlife Wonders So much more than the view... Topic Briefing: Supporting Rural Communities and Economies National Parks - Open for Business - An Offer from National Parks England to Local Enterprise Partnerships National Parks England Statement on Sky Lanterns National Parks England and Mobile Operators Association Joint Accord on Telecommunications The Landscape Declaration - made at the UK National Parks Conference September 2013 Valuing England's National Parks - Full Report. English｜Tokyo Metropolitan Government Disaster Prevention Website. g1tectonics_ki2.3.
DirectDownload. 30 volcanic activity. Future flood losses in major coastal cities : Nature Climate Change. Affiliations The World Bank, Sustainable Development Network, Washington DC 20433, USA Stephane Hallegatte Centre International de Recherche sur l’Environnement et le Développement (CIRED), Nogent-sur-Marne 94736, France Stephane Hallegatte Flood Hazard Research Centre, Middlesex University, London NW4 4BT, UK Colin Green Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK Robert J. Nicholls Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris 75775, France Jan Corfee-Morlot Contributions The four authors designed the study, interpreted results and authored the paper. S.H. developed and ran the models. R.N. and C.G. provided expert input on depth–damage curves and coastal protection.
Competing financial interests The authors declare no competing financial interests. Plate tectonics | geology. Plate tectonics, Earth’s tectonic platesEncyclopædia Britannica, Inc.theory dealing with the dynamics of Earth’s outer shell, the lithosphere, that revolutionized Earth sciences by providing a uniform context for understanding mountain-building processes, volcanoes, and earthquakes, as well as understanding the evolution of Earth’s surface and reconstructing its past continental and oceanic configurations. The concept of plate tectonics was formulated in the 1960s. According to the theory, Earth has a rigid outer layer, known as the lithosphere, which is typically about 100 km (60 miles) thick and overlies a plastic layer called the asthenosphere.
The lithosphere is broken up into about a dozen large plates and several ... (100 of 16,046 words) Land Clearing and the Biofuel Carbon Debt. Palm Oil Indonesia: Output & Reserves up, Export down on Higher Tax India. Indian authorities increased the duty on crude palm oil (CPO) imports by five percentage points to 12.5 percent. The consequence of this move is that it becomes more difficult for Indonesia and Malaysia to reduce their CPO stocks (which have reached near record highs) implying CPO prices have limited room to rise.
As such, palm oil remains in a bear market, a situation primarily caused by the hard landing of China’s economy and a rout in crude oil prices. Indonesian palm oil output in September may still be high despite ongoing forest fires on Sumatra and Kalimantan somewhat disrupting harvests. On 25 August 2015 benchmark palm oil futures in Kuala Lumpur fell to a six-year low of 1,863 ringgit. So far this year, prices have eased around six percent. The weak rupiah, which has depreciated nearly 16 percent against the US dollar in 2015, has mixed effects on the performance of Indonesian palm oil growers. Indonesian Palm Oil Production and Export: ‹ Back to Today's Headlines. Visit Epping Forest - Historic • Beautiful • Accessible • the Friendly District. Facts about the Great Barrier Reef.
As the largest living structure on the planet, the Great Barrier Reef is incredibly rich and diverse. Stretching 2300 kilometres, this natural icon is so large it can even be seen from outer space. While it’s known mostly for its large maze of colourful reefs, its intricate architecture also provides a home for a huge number of animals and plants. Some of these, such as turtles and crocodiles, have been around since prehistoric times and have changed little over the millennia. The breathtaking array of marine creatures includes 600 types of soft and hard corals, more than 100 species of jellyfish, 3000 varieties of molluscs, 500 species of worms, 1625 types of fish, 133 varieties of sharks and rays, and more than 30 species of whales and dolphins. The Great Barrier Reef is also unique as it extends over 14 degrees of latitude, from shallow estuarine areas to deep oceanic waters.
The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park: Just how big is the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park? Great Barrier Reef pollution prevention too slow, says Queensland government | Environment. The Great Barrier Reef is in poor condition and efforts to prevent pollution flowing onto the coral ecosystem are not happening quickly enough, according to a Queensland government assessment. The reef report card found despite it avoiding an “in danger” listing from Unesco’s world heritage committee in July, inshore areas are undeniably in a bad shape throughout the 2,300km-long ecosystem. “Inshore sea grass showed signs of recovery at locations that were relatively free from disturbances in recent years, but remained in poor condition overall,” the report stated. “Inshore coral reefs have continued to improve since 2011-2012 when their condition reached its lowest point due to impacts by repeated disturbances.
However, they remained in poor condition overall.” There have been some improvements in the amount of chemicals flowing onto the reef from agriculture. Between 2009 and 2014, the amount of particulate nitrogen fell by 11.5%, pesticides dropped by 30.5% and sediment fell 12%. Chile quake: State of emergency declared for Coquimbo - BBC News. Chile's government has declared a state of emergency in a central region struck by a powerful earthquake. One million people had to leave their homes and at least 11 people died when the 8.3-magnitude quake hit on Wednesday night. In the coastal town of Coquimbo, waves of 4.7m (15ft) hit the shore. Small tsunami waves hit as far away as Alaska. President Michelle Bachelet visited Coquimbo on Thursday. Tsunami waves also hit the coast further north and south of the quake's epicentre, with waves half a metre higher than usual as far north as La Punta.
The quake - the strongest in the world this year - lasted for more than three minutes and there were dozens of aftershocks. Gloria Navarro, who lives in the coastal town of La Serena, said people were "running in all directions". "Everything is a mess," restaurant owner Melisa Pinones told Reuters from the city of Illapel. Image copyright AP Image copyright AFP/Getty Images Close to 90,000 homes remain without electricity.