Affichewaffenss2.jpg (260×400) Estonia. Estonia i/ɛˈstoʊniə/[10][11] (Estonian: Eesti) Estonian pronunciation: [ˈeːsti], officially the Republic of Estonia (Estonian: Eesti Vabariik), is a state in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland, to the west by the Baltic Sea, to the south by Latvia (343 km), and to the east by Lake Peipus and Russia (338.6 km).[12] Across the Baltic Sea lies Sweden in the west and Finland in the north. The territory of Estonia covers 45,227 km2 (17,462 sq mi), and is influenced by a humid continental climate.
The Estonians are a Finnic people, and the official language, Estonian, is a Finno-Ugric language closely related to Finnish, and distantly to Hungarian and to the Sami languages. Estonia is a democratic parliamentary republic divided into fifteen counties, with its capital and largest city being Tallinn. Etymology[edit] Esthonia was a common alternative English spelling prior to 1921.[19][20] History[edit] Prehistory[edit] Viking Age[edit] Forest Brothers. The Forest Brothers (also Brothers of the Forest; Forest Brethren; Forest Brotherhood; Estonian: metsavennad, Latvian: meža brāļi, Lithuanian: miško broliai) were Estonian, Latvian, and Lithuanian partisans who waged a guerrilla war against Soviet rule during the Soviet invasion and occupation of the three Baltic states during, and after, World War II.
Similar anti-Soviet Eastern European resistance groups fought against Soviet and communist rule in Bulgaria, Poland, Romania, and western Ukraine. The Red Army occupied the independent Baltic states in 1940–1941 and, after a period of German occupation, again in 1944–1945. As Stalinist repression intensified over the following years, 50,000 residents of these countries used the heavily forested countryside as a natural refuge and base for armed anti-Soviet resistance. Background[edit] Origins of the term[edit] The term Forest Brothers first came into use in the Baltic region during the chaotic Russian Revolution of 1905. Summer War[edit] Opération Barbarossa. Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre.
L’opération Barbarossa (en allemand : Unternehmen Barbarossa), nommée en référence à l'empereur Frédéric Barberousse, est le nom de code désignant l'invasion par le IIIe Reich de l'Union des républiques socialistes soviétiques pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Le 23 août 1939, l’Allemagne nazie et l’Union soviétique signent un traité de non-agression et de partage de l'Est de l'Europe. Cependant, le 21 juillet 1940, moins d’un an après, Hitler demande à son état-major de préparer un plan d’invasion de l’Union soviétique. C'est la plus grande invasion de l'histoire militaire de par le nombre de soldats mobilisés et de pertes[6]. Ce sont près de quatre millions de soldats de l'Axe qui pénètrent en Union soviétique. En plus des troupes, l'opération Barbarossa a mobilisé 600 000 véhicules et 600 000 chevaux. La Wehrmacht possède une supériorité initiale considérable en hommes (de deux contre un au minimum) et en équipements.
Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact. The Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, named after the Soviet foreign minister Vyacheslav Molotov and the Nazi German foreign minister Joachim von Ribbentrop, officially the Treaty of Non-aggression between Germany and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics,[a] and also known as the Ribbentrop–Molotov Pact or Nazi–Soviet Pact, was a non-aggression pact signed in Moscow in the late hours of 23 August 1939. The pact's publicly stated intentions were a guarantee of non-belligerence by either party towards the other, and a commitment that neither party would ally with or aid an enemy of the other party. This latter provision ensured that Germany would not support Japan in its undeclared war against the Soviet Union along the Manchurian-Mongolian border, ensuring that the Soviets won the Battles of Khalkhin Gol.
The pact remained in force until the German government broke it by invading the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941. Names[edit] Text of the secret protocol (in German) Background[edit] 5e Panzerdivision SS Wiking. Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre. Pour un article plus général, voir Waffen-SS. La 5e Panzerdivision SS Wiking est une division SS allemande constituée de volontaires étrangers, en grande partie scandinaves mais également d'autres pays européens.
Durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, la division a évolué d'une formation motorisée d'infanterie à une division Panzer. Formée en novembre 1940 sous le nom de Germania, son nom change et devient Wiking fin 1940[1]. Au total, la Panzerdivision SS Wiking comptabilisa 55 hommes décorés de la Croix de chevalier de la Croix de fer. Historique[modifier | modifier le code] Formée en novembre 1940, la division part à l'est en juin 1941, elle passe par Tarnopol, Jitomir, Tcherkassy en novembre 1941. Au Printemps 1942, la division quitte ses positions défensives du Mius. En mars 1943, un bataillon de volontaires estoniens rejoint la division en tant que SS-Freiwilligen Panzergrenadier Bataillon Narwa. SS-Division (Mot.) La 5. 20th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Estonian) 20th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Estonian) (German: 20.Waffen-Grenadier-Division der SS (estnische Nr.1), Estonian: 20. eesti diviis[1]) was a unit of the Waffen SS established on 25 May 1944 in German occupied Estonia during World War II.
Formed in Spring 1944 after the general conscription-mobilization was announced in Estonia on 31 January 1944 by the German occupying authorities, the cadre of the 3rd Estonian SS Volunteer Brigade, renamed the 20th Estonian SS Volunteer Division on 23 January 1944, was returned to Estonia and reformed. Additionally 38,000 men were conscripted in Estonia and other Estonian units that had fought on various fronts in the German Army, and the Finnish Infantry Regiment 200 were rushed to Estonia. After Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941, the Germans were perceived by most Estonians as liberators from the USSR and its repression, and hopes were raised for the restoration of the country's independence.
Mart Laar. Mart Laar (born April 22, 1960) is an Estonian statesman and historian. He served as the Prime Minister of Estonia from 1992 to 1994 and from 1999 to 2002.[2] Laar is credited with having helped bring about Estonia’s rapid economic development during the 1990s.[3] In April 2011, Mart Laar became Minister of Defence in the cabinet of Prime Minister Andrus Ansip[4] and served until his resignation for reasons of health in May 2012. In April 2013, Riigikogu appointed Laar as chairman of the supervisory board of the Bank of Estonia, his term beginning on 12 June 2013.[5] Career[edit] Mart Laar was born in Viljandi. Laar claims the only book on economics he had read before becoming prime minister at the age of 32 was Free to Choose by Milton Friedman.[7] Five years later, in 1999, Laar returned to the post, with his main policy goals being to pull the economy out of a slump and lead the country toward the European Union.
Recognition[edit] The Acton Institute awarded Dr. Recent activities[edit] - taz.de. GESCHICHTSPOLITIK Estlands Regierung will Nazischergen als "Freiheitskämpfer" ehren. Kritik von Grünen. Bundesregierung und EU-Kommission wollen sich nicht einmischen BRÜSSEL/BERLIN taz | Mit scharfen Worten hat der menschenrechtspolitische Sprecher der Grünen, Volker Beck, die Pläne der Regierung des EU-Mitgliedstaats Estland kritisiert, Angehörige der Waffen-SS per Gesetz zu "Freiheitskämpfern" zu erklären: "Wenn das Gesetz so wie geplant beschlossen wird, würden die Gräueltaten von Hitlers Schergen in der Sowjetunion im Nachhinein gerechtfertigt", so Beck.
"Das wäre zugleich ein Schlag ins Gesicht jener Mitglieder des antisowjetischen Widerstands, die keine gemeinsame Sache mit den Nazis machten. " Ähnlich äußerte sich Becks Parteifreundin Rebecca Harms: "Wir Europäer dürfen eine solche Geschichtsfälschung nicht tolerieren", so die Fraktionschefin der Grünen im EU-Parlament. Schwerpunkt SEITE 4. Estonie : Les SS “héros de la liberté”