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Amino acids

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Www.carbonbased.com/downloads/pdf/Presentations/Denver2003/AminoAcids.pdf. Homocysteine. Homocysteine [IPA: ˌhəʊməʊˈsɪstiːn] is a non-protein α-amino acid.

Homocysteine

It is a homologue of the amino acid cysteine, differing by an additional methylene bridge (-CH2-). It is biosynthesized from methionine by the removal of its terminal Cε methyl group. Homocysteine can be recycled into methionine or converted into cysteine with the aid of B-vitamins. While detection of high levels of homocysteine has been linked to cardiovascular disease, lowering homocysteine levels may not improve outcomes.[1] A high level of homocysteine makes a person more prone to endothelial injury, which leads to vascular inflammation, which in turn may lead to atherogenesis, which can result in ischemic injury.[2] Hyperhomocysteinemia is therefore a possible risk factor for coronary artery disease. Hyperhomocysteinemia has been correlated with the occurrence of blood clots, heart attacks and strokes, though it is unclear whether hyperhomocysteinemia is an independent risk factor for these conditions.

[edit] Histidase and histidinemia. Clinical and molecu... [Mol Biol Med. 1991. Histamine and Anti-histamine Drugs. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry - l-histidine induces state-dependent memory deficit in mice mediated by H1 receptor. Abstract This study investigated the role of H1 receptor in the state-dependent memory deficit induced by l-histidine (LH) in mice using Trial 1/2 protocol in the elevated plus-maze (EPM).

Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry - l-histidine induces state-dependent memory deficit in mice mediated by H1 receptor

The test was performed for two consecutive days: Trial 1 (T1) and Trial 2 (T2). Noradrenaline Tutorial. Noradrenaline Tutorial Overview If one has a problem communicating with Noradrenaline (NA), they will feel fatigued.

Noradrenaline Tutorial

If you are fatigued, this could be you. An NA communication problem could be caused by clogged NA receptors or an NA deficiency. Deficiencies can be caused by problems in the synthesis of the NA. Noradrenaline Synthesis There are several steps to NA synthesis, as summarized below: 1) Phenylalanine mixes with some enzymes (converts chemical to another chemical) and cofactors (more ingredients) to make Tyrosine. 2) Tyrosine mixes with some enzymes and cofactors to make Dopamine, a neurotransmitter itself. Phenylalanine Hydroxylase. This website was produced as an assignment for an undergratuate course at Davidson College Home safsaProtein dsafOrthologssdaf Jmol Structurefdas Review Paper When you drink a diet coke you ingest the amino acid phenylalanine, a component of aspartame, the no-calorie sweetener in the drink.

Phenylalanine Hydroxylase

Although phenylalanine is an essential part of your diet, most people get too much and the body must do something to get rid of it all. Phenylalanine Hydroxylase (PheOH) is a tetrameric enzyme which catalyzes the conversion of L-phenylalanine (Phe) to L-tyrosine (Tyr), the reaction is shown below. , the gene which codes for PheOH, is located on human chromosome 12. PheOH’s substrate phenylalanine also functions as a regulator of the protein, along with tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) and phosphorylation. Image from Phenylalanine Hydroxylase Figure 1: The chemical equation PheOH catalyzes.BH4 is a cofactor, and free oxygen is a necessary requirement. Image from Fusetti et al. 1998. Image from Protein Data Bank. Patent US20060063827 - Systemic administration of therapeutic amino acids and N-acetylamino acids - Google Patents. This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119 to Provisional Patent Application No. 60/612,253, filed on Sep. 23, 2004, and Provisional Patent Application No. 60/627,022, filed on Nov. 12, 2004, the disclosures of each of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties.

Patent US20060063827 - Systemic administration of therapeutic amino acids and N-acetylamino acids - Google Patents

Embodiments described herein relate to compositions and use of compositions comprising amino acids and/or N-acetylamino acids for systemic administration to a mammal. Systemic administration is believed to alleviate or improve symptoms or syndromes associated with nervous, vascular, musculoskeletal or cutaneous system. Leucine. General Pharmacology: The Vascular System - The pharmacology of excitatory and inhibitory amino acid-mediated events in the transmission and modulation of pain in the spinal cord. Abstract 1.

General Pharmacology: The Vascular System - The pharmacology of excitatory and inhibitory amino acid-mediated events in the transmission and modulation of pain in the spinal cord

The aim of this review is to consider the relative roles of inhibitory and excitatory amino acid receptor-mediated events in the processes leading to pain transmission in the spinal cord. 2. Emphasis will be on the roles of the inhibitory and excitatory amino acids, GABA and glutamate, and how the relative balance between activity in these systems appears to determine the level of pain transmission. ScienceDirect.com - The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry - Dietary supplements of mixtures of indispensable amino acids lacking threonine, phenylalanine or histidine increase the activity of hepatic threonine dehydrogenase, phenylalanine hydroxylase or.

Received 18 July 2000; received in revised form 4 January 2001; accepted 9 January 2001.

ScienceDirect.com - The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry - Dietary supplements of mixtures of indispensable amino acids lacking threonine, phenylalanine or histidine increase the activity of hepatic threonine dehydrogenase, phenylalanine hydroxylase or

Experiments were carried out to determine whether the addition of a mixture of indispensable amino acids (IAA) lacking in threonine, phenylalanine or histidine, respectively, to a nutritionally complete diet would increase the hepatic activities of the rate-limiting enzymes for catabolism of threonine, phenylalanine or histidine and prevent the adverse effects of the amino acid on growth when the dietary level of the amino acid is excessive. Rate of release of amino acids from the cerebral cortex in the cat as affected by brainstem and thalamic stimulation - Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology.

The rate of release of amino acids from the cerebral cortex has been measured by a surface superfusion technique in spinal (encephale isolé) cat preparations in relation to the state of cortical activation by stimulation or destruction of the midbrain reticular formation (MRF).

Rate of release of amino acids from the cerebral cortex in the cat as affected by brainstem and thalamic stimulation - Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology

Reticular stimulation, with desynchronized cortical activation simulating "arousal", was found to cause a selective increase three-to seven-fold (0.3 to 2.0 mμmoles/min per cm2) in the liberation of glutamic acid without significant change in glutamine, valine, and leucine, suggesting that glutamic acid may be involved either directly or indirectly in the chemical mediation of reticulo–cortical activation.

Uniformly lower values were obtained during slow-wave sleep. A smaller and less consistent increase was found in aspartic acid, glycine, and taurine. L-carnosine Benefits & Side Effects. L-carnosine, sometimes called simply carnosine, is a combination of two amino acids, alanine and histidine. Your body manufactures carnosine, found in high concentrations in skeletal muscle, the lenses of the eyes, the brain and the nervous system. Carnosine acts as an anti-oxidant, a substance that neutralizes free radicals, which damage cells. There's no set dose for carnosine supplementation, since the benefits have not yet been established through clinical trials, although some studies have noted benefits in certain areas.

Carnosine has no significant side effects. A study of 31 children conducted by the Autism and Epilepsy Specialty Services of Illinois by lead author Michael Chez, M.D. reported in the November 2002 "Journal of Child Neurology" that treatment with carnosine for eight weeks improved performance on several tests that measure autistic behaviors. Non-Essential Amino Acids Deficiency: A Hidden Danger.