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HTML5 Rocks - How Browsers Work: Behind the Scenes of Modern Web Browsers

Web browsers are probably the most widely used software. http://www.html5rocks.com/en/tutorials/internals/howbrowserswork/
Warning: The content of this article may be out of date. This article was written in 2003 and is not on par with current standards. You can have a look to the more current article Writing forward-compatible websites to find modern informations. Improper browser detection can lead to web maintenance nightmares. https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Browser_Detection_and_Cross_Browser_Support

Browser Detection and Cross Browser Support - MDN Docs

Gecko - MDN Docs

https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Mozilla/Gecko Gecko is the name of the layout engine developed by the Mozilla Project. It was originally named NGLayout. Gecko's function is to read web content, such as HTML , CSS , XUL , JavaScript , and render it on user's screen or print it. In XUL-based applications Gecko is used to render the application's user interface as well. Gecko is used in many applications, including a few browsers, such as Firefox, SeaMonkey, Camino, etc. (for a complete list, please refer to Wikipedia's article on Gecko .)
Gecko is a free and open source layout engine used in many applications developed by Mozilla Foundation and the Mozilla Corporation (notably the Firefox web browser), as well as in many other open source software projects. It is designed to support open Internet standards , and is used by different applications to display web pages and, in some cases, an application's user interface itself (by rendering XUL ). Gecko offers a rich programming API that makes it suitable for a wide variety of roles in Internet-enabled applications, such as web browsers , content presentation, and client/server . [ 4 ] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gecko_(layout_engine)#Usage

Gecko (layout engine)