Mathematical proof. One of the oldest surviving fragments of Euclid's Elements, a textbook used for millennia to teach proof-writing techniques. The diagram accompanies Book II, Proposition 5.[1] In mathematics, a proof is a deductive argument for a mathematical statement. In the argument, other previously established statements, such as theorems, can be used. In principle, a proof can be traced back to self-evident or assumed statements, known as axioms.[2][3][4] Proofs are examples of deductive reasoning and are distinguished from inductive or empirical arguments; a proof must demonstrate that a statement is always true (occasionally by listing all possible cases and showing that it holds in each), rather than enumerate many confirmatory cases.
Proofs employ logic but usually include some amount of natural language which usually admits some ambiguity. History and etymology[edit] The word "proof" comes from the Latin probare meaning "to test". Further advances took place in medieval Islamic mathematics. . Epistemology. Branch of philosophy concerning knowledge In these debates and others, epistemology aims to answer questions such as "What do people know?
", "What does it mean to say that people know something? ", "What makes justified beliefs justified? ", and "How do people know that they know? "[4][1][5][6] Specialties in epistemology ask questions such as "How can people create formal models about issues related to knowledge? " (in formal epistemology), "What are the historical conditions of changes in different kinds of knowledge?
" (in historical epistemology), "What are the methods, aims, and subject matter of epistemological inquiry? " Etymology[edit] The title of one of the principal works of Fichte is 'Wissenschaftslehre,' which, after the analogy of technology ... we render epistemology.[10] The word was first used to present a philosophy in English by Scottish philosopher James Frederick Ferrier in 1854. Historical and philosophical context[edit] Contemporary historiography[edit] Knowledge[edit] SWEBOK Home.
Change impact analysis. Types of Impact Analysis Techniques[edit] IA techniques can be classified into three types:[3] TraceabilityDependencyExperiential Bohner and Arnold[4] identify two classes of IA, traceability and dependency IA. In traceability IA, links between requirements, specifications, design elements, and tests are captured, and these relationships can be analysed to determine the scope of an initiating change.[5] In dependency IA, linkages between parts, variables, logic, modules etc. are assessed to determine the consequences of an initiating change.
Dependency IA occurs at a more detailed level than traceability IA. Within software design, static and dynamic algorithms can be run on code to perform dependency IA.[6][7] Static methods focus on the program structure, while dynamic algorithms gather information about program behaviour at run-time. Package management and dependency IA[edit] Source code and dependency IA[edit] Dependencies are also declared in source code. See also[edit] References[edit] Context Driven Testing.
Dilbert: TestDesign. Home - ISTQB International Software Testing Qualifications Board. Foundation Level Content - ISTQB International Software Testing Qualifications Board. Risk Management.