Moors. The Moors were the medieval Muslim inhabitants of Morocco, western Algeria, Western Sahara, Mauritania, the Iberian Peninsula, Sicily, and Malta. Their descendants are presently known as the Maghrebis. The Moors invaded the Iberian Peninsula in 711 and called the territory Al-Andalus, an area which at different times comprised Gibraltar, most of Spain and Portugal, and parts of France. There was also a Moorish presence in what is now Southern Italy, primarily in Sicily. They occupied Mazara on Sicily in 827[1] and in 1224 were expelled to the settlement of Lucera, which was destroyed in 1300.
The religious difference of the Moorish Muslims led to a centuries-long conflict with the Christian kingdoms of Europe called the Reconquista. The Fall of Granada in 1492 saw the end of the Muslim rule in Iberia. Depiction of three Moorish knights found on Alhambra's Ladies Tower Name[edit] Etymology[edit] Modern meanings[edit] Moors is used to identify Muslims in Sri Lanka. Moors of Iberia[edit] Holy Roman Emperor. Title[edit] The title of Emperor (Imperator) carried with it an important role as protector of the Catholic Church. As the papacy's power grew during the Middle Ages, Popes and emperors came into conflict over church administration.
The best-known and most bitter conflict was that known as the Investiture Controversy, fought during the 11th century between Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII. After Charlemagne was crowned Roman Emperor by the Pope, his successors maintained the title until the death of Berengar I of Italy in 924. No pope appointed an emperor again until the coronation of Otto the Great in 962. Under Otto and his successors, much of the former Carolingian kingdom of Eastern Francia became the Holy Roman Empire.
The term "sacrum" (i.e. The standard designation of the Holy Roman Emperor was "August Emperor of the Romans" (Romanorum Imperator Augustus). Succession of the Holy Roman Emperors[edit] Replicas of the Crown jewels List of emperors[edit] Emperors before Otto the Great[edit] 14th Dalai Lama. The 14th Dalai Lama (religious name: Tenzin Gyatso, shortened from Jetsun Jamphel Ngawang Lobsang Yeshe Tenzin Gyatso, born Lhamo Dondrub,[1] 6 July 1935) is the current Dalai Lama, as well as the longest lived incumbent.
Dalai Lamas are the head monks of the Gelug school, the newest of the schools of Tibetan Buddhism.[2] He won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1989, and is also well known for his lifelong advocacy for Tibetans inside and outside Tibet. The Dalai Lama was born in Taktser, Qinghai (known to Tibetans as Amdo),[3] and was selected as the rebirth of the 13th Dalai Lama two years later, although he was only formally recognized as the 14th Dalai Lama on 17 November 1950, at the age of 15. The Gelug school's government administered an area roughly corresponding to the Tibet Autonomous Region just as the nascent People's Republic of China wished to assert central control over it. Early life and background[edit] The Dalai Lama as a boy House where the 14th Dalai Lama was born.
List of German monarchs. This is a list of monarchs who ruled over the German territories of central Europe from the division of the Frankish Empire in 843 (by which a separate Eastern Frankish Kingdom was created), until the end of the Imperial Germany in 1918. It also includes the heads of the various German confederations after the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation in 1806. Note on titles[edit] The relationship between the title of "king" and "emperor" in the area that is today called Germany is just as complicated as the history and the structure of the Holy Roman Empire itself. [citation needed] The Kingdom of Germany predates the Empire.
[citation needed] The Kingdom of Germany started out as the eastern section of the Frankish kingdom, which was split by the Treaty of Verdun in 843. Emperors are listed in bold. Kings of the East Franks, 843–911[edit] Kings of Germany, 911–1806[edit] East Frankish kingdom of Germany, 911–962[edit] Conradines[edit] Ottonian dynasty[edit] Salian dynasty[edit] List of monarchs. Lists of monarchs in the British Isles. List of Irish monarchs. Early medieval kings in Ireland[edit] For a list of kings of the early medieval period in the various Gaelic kingdoms of Ireland, as opposed to kings of all Ireland, see List of Irish kings. High Kings of Ireland 846–1198[edit] The historical High-Kings of Ireland date from the inauguration of Mael Sechnaill mac Maele Ruanaid in 846 to Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair, who died in 1198.
Ruaidrí was inaugurated King of Ireland at Dublin in spring 1166. He was arguably the first undisputed full king of Ireland. From Lordship of Ireland to British monarchy[edit] In 1177, as the leader of the Norman invasion of Ireland, King Henry II of England created the title of Lord of Ireland for his youngest son John, who was not then expected to succeed to any other title. During the reign of George III of the United Kingdom the Kingdoms of Great Britain and of Ireland merged to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland by the terms of the Act of Union 1800. British monarchy to Irish monarchy[edit] List of English monarchs. English monarchs until 1707 This list of kings and reigning queens of the Kingdom of England begins with Alfred the Great, who initially ruled Wessex, one of the seven Anglo-Saxon kingdoms which later made up modern England.
Alfred styled himself king of the Anglo-Saxons from about 886, and while he was not the first king to claim to rule all of the English, his rule represents the start of the first unbroken line of kings to rule the whole of England, the House of Wessex.[1] Arguments are made for a few different kings thought to have controlled enough Anglo-Saxon kingdoms to be deemed the first king of England. For example, Offa of Mercia and Egbert of Wessex are sometimes described as kings of England by popular writers, but it is no longer the majority view of historians that their wide dominions are part of a process leading to a unified England. House of Wessex[edit] House of Denmark[edit] House of Wessex (restored, first time)[edit] House of Denmark (restored)[edit] Timeline[edit]
List of British monarchs. There have been 12 monarchs of Great Britain and the United Kingdom (see the Monarchy of the United Kingdom). A new Kingdom of Great Britain was formed on 1 May 1707 with the merger of the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland, which had been in personal union under the House of Stuart since 24 March 1603. On 1 January 1801, Great Britain merged with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. After most of Ireland left the union on 6 December 1922, its name was amended on 12 April 1927 to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. House of Stuart (1707–1714)[edit] Queen Anne had been queen of England, Scotland and Ireland since 8 March 1702, and so became Queen of Great Britain upon the Union of England and Scotland.
House of Hanover (1714–1901)[edit] House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (1901–1917)[edit] House of Windsor (1917–present)[edit] The house name Windsor was adopted in 1917, during World War I. See also[edit] List of Russian rulers. This is a list of all reigning monarchs in the history of Russia. It includes titles Prince of Novgorod, Grand Prince of Kiev, Grand Prince of Vladimir, Grand Prince of Moscow, Tsar of All Rus', and Emperor of All Russia. The list started with a semi-legendary Prince of Novgorod Rurik sometime in the mid 9th century (862) and ended with the Emperor of All Russia Nicholas II. Princes of Novgorod[edit] Grand Princes of Kiev[edit] In 1169 Vladimir-Suzdal troops took Kiev. Grand Princes of Vladimir[edit] Since 1331 the title of the Grand Princes of Vladimir assigned to the Princes of Moscow.
The Golden Horde[edit] from approximately 1240 to 1480, the "Golden Horde" ruled most of Russia, and the Rurikids were subordinate princes. Grand Princes of Moscow[edit] Tsars of Russia[edit] Dates are listed in the Old Style, which continued to be used in Russia. House of Rurikovich[edit] House of Godunov[edit] Pseudo-Rurikovich usurpers[edit] House of Shuysky[edit] House of Vasa[edit] House of Romanov[edit]
List of Spanish monarchs. This is a list of Spanish monarchs that is, rulers of the country of Spain in the modern sense of the word. The forerunners of the monarchs of the Spanish throne were the following: These lineages were eventually united by the marriage of the Catholic Monarchs, Ferdinand II of Aragon (king of the Crown of Aragon) and Isabella I of Castile (queen of the Crown of Castile). Although their kingdoms continued to be separate, with their personal union they ruled them together as one dominion. Ferdinand also conquered the southern part of Navarre and annexed it to what was to become Spain.
Isabella left her kingdom to her daughter Joanna of Castile. Ferdinand served as her regent during her insanity; though rebuffed by the Castilian nobility and replaced by Joanna's husband Philip the Handsome, he resumed his regency after Philip's death. In 1516, after Ferdinand II's death, his daughter Joanna inherited the kingdom of Aragon, but was kept prisoner at Tordesillas as insane. See also[edit] List of Emperors of Japan. Current reigning monarchs by length of reign. This is a list of currently enthroned monarchs and lifelong leaders sorted by length of service. This list includes all "legitimately reigning monarchs", which includes monarchs who do not reign over entire nations, such as Goodwill Zwelithini kaBhekuzulu, but doesn't include former monarchs and pretenders, such as Michael of Romania, de facto monarchs such as François Hollande who in his capacity as President of France is also Co-Prince of Andorra, or monarchs whose position is unofficial, such as Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama.
List[edit] See also[edit] Notes[edit] Jump up ^ This length of reign only applies to United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, as all of the other countries Elizabeth II reigns over had yet to gain independence at the time she acceded to the throne. Emperor of Austria. List of French monarchs. Michael of Romania. Michael I (Romanian: Mihai I [miˈhaj]; born 25 October 1921) was the King of Romania from 20 July 1927 to 8 June 1930 and again from 6 September 1940 to 30 December 1947.
He was forced to abdicate in 1947 by the government controlled by the Communist Party of Romania. In addition to being the current claimant to the disestablished throne of Romania, he was also a Prince of Hohenzollern until 10 May 2011, when he renounced this title.[1][2][3][4] A great-great-grandson of Queen Victoria through both of his parents, and a third cousin of Queen Elizabeth II, he is the last surviving monarch from the Interbellum[5] and the oldest of only three surviving heads of state from World War II,[6][7][8][9] the others being the former King Simeon II of Bulgaria and Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama of Tibet.[10] Early life[edit] The young King Michael of Romania during his first reign.
Rule[edit] 1930s and the Antonescu era[edit] Turning against Nazi Germany[edit] Reign under communism[edit] Michael in 1947. List of Ottoman Grand Viziers. Ottoman Dynasty. Ottoman Ceremonial Barbering Cape (detail), early 18th century, Turkey. Each day, the Sultan wore a different elaborately embroidered cape for his daily barbering. [citation needed] Public displays of extraordinary splendor were considered essential to the maintenance of Ottoman imperial authority. [citation needed]LACMA textile collection. The Ottoman dynasty, made up of the members of the House of Osman (Turkish: Osmanlı Hanedanı), ruled the Ottoman Empire from 1299 to 1922, beginning with Osman I (not counting his father, Ertuğrul), though the dynasty was not proclaimed until Orhan Bey[1] declared himself sultan.
Before that the tribe/dynasty was known as Söğüt Beylik or Beys but was renamed Osmanlı (Ottoman in English) in honour of Osman. The sultan was the sole and absolute regent, head of state and head of government of the empire, at least officially, though often much power shifted de facto to other officials, especially the Grand Vizier. Titles[edit] Padishah, i.e. Khakan, i.e. List of Portuguese monarchs. The Monarchs of Portugal ruled from the establishment of the Kingdom of Portugal, in 1139, to the deposition of the Portuguese monarchy and creation of the Portuguese Republic with the 5 October 1910 revolution.
Through the nearly 800 years which Portugal was a monarchy, the kings held various other titles and pretensions. Two Kings of Portugal, Ferdinand I and Afonso V, also claimed the crown of Castile. When the House of Habsburg came into power, the Kings of Spain, and Naples, also became Kings of Portugal. The House of Braganza brought numerous titles to the Portuguese Crown, including King of Brazil and then Emperor of Brazil. After the demise of the Portuguese monarchy, in 1910, Portugal almost restored its monarchy in a revolution known as the Monarchy of the North, though the attempted restoration only lasted a month before destruction. With Manuel II's death, the Miguelist branch of the House of Braganza became the pretenders to the throne of Portugal. See also[edit] Sousa, D.