philosophy

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Workers in a wide variety of jobs are paid based on performance, which is commonly seen as enhancing effort and productivity relative to non-contingent pay schemes.

Large Stakes and Big Mistakes

http://restud.oxfordjournals.org/content/76/2/451.short
Functional fixedness is a cognitive bias that limits a person to using an object only in the way it is traditionally used.

Functional fixedness

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_fixedness
Lera Boroditsky is an Assistant Professor of Psychology at Stanford University and Editor in Chief of Frontiers in Cultural Psychology. Professor Boroditsky does research in cognitive science with a specific focus on cognitive linguistics.

Lera Boroditsky: How Language Shapes Thought

http://fora.tv/2010/10/26/Lera_Boroditsky_How_Language_Shapes_Thought