List of serial killers by number of victims. A serial killer is a person who murders two or more people, in two or more separate events over a period of time, for primarily psychological reasons.[1] There are gaps of time between the killings, which may range from a few hours to many years. This list shows serial killers from the 20th century to present day by number of victims (list of serial killers before 1900). In many cases, the exact number of victims assigned to a serial killer is not known, and even if that person is convicted of a few, there can be the possibility that he/she killed many more. Due to the complex nature of serial killers, their crimes, discrepancies caused by geographic location and/or time, and the investigations related to these persons results in difficulties in organization and ranking. To address this, multiple categories have been provided in order to more accurately describe the nature of certain serial murders. Serial killers before 1900 Serial killers with the highest known victim count See also.
List of common misconceptions. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Each entry on this list of common misconceptions is worded as a correction; the misconceptions themselves are implied rather than stated. These entries are concise summaries; the main subject articles can be consulted for more detail. A common misconception is a viewpoint or factoid that is often accepted as true but which is actually false. They generally arise from conventional wisdom (such as old wives' tales), stereotypes, superstitions, fallacies, a misunderstanding of science, or the popularization of pseudoscience.
Some common misconceptions are also considered to be urban legends, and they are sometimes involved in moral panics. Arts and culture[edit] Business[edit] Federal legal tender laws in the United States do not require that private businesses, persons, or organizations accept cash for payment, though it must be treated as valid payment for debts when tendered to a creditor.[1] Food and cooking[edit] Food and drink history[edit] Music[edit]
List of collective nouns. A skein of geese This is a list of traditional or whimsical collective nouns. The large number of collective nouns in English is based on a tradition of venery (words for groups of animals) which arose in the Late Middle Ages. Standard terms for particular groups are listed first in each group and shown in bold. See also[edit] References[edit] Loren Mosher. Loren Richard Mosher (September 3, 1933, Monterey – July 10, 2004, Berlin)[2][3] was an American psychiatrist,[3][4]:21 clinical professor of psychiatry,[2][5][6] expert on schizophrenia[5][6] and the chief of the Center for Studies of Schizophrenia in the National Institute of Mental Health (1968–1980).[2][3][5] Mosher spent his professional career advocating for humane and effective treatment for people diagnosed as having schizophrenia[3] and was instrumental in developing an innovative, residential, home-like, non-hospital, non-drug treatment model for newly identified acutely psychotic persons.[2] Biography[edit] Before conceiving Soteria, Mosher supervised a ward in a psychiatric hospital at Yale University as its assistant professor, prescribed neuroleptics and was not “against” them.
But by 1968, the year Mosher received the position of director of the Center for Schizophrenia Studies at the NIMH, he got convinced that benefits of neuroleptics were overhyped.[10] Sources[edit] Maricopa County Sheriff's Office controversies. The Maricopa County Sheriff's Office (MCSO) is a law enforcement agency in Maricopa County, Arizona that has been involved in many controversies since 1995. It is the largest sheriff's office in Arizona state and provides general-service and specialized law enforcement to unincorporated areas of Maricopa County, serving as the primary law enforcement for unincorporated areas of the county as well as incorporated cities within the county who have contracted with the agency for law-enforcement services.
It also operates the county jail system. First elected in 1992, Joe Arpaio is the current sheriff of Maricopa County. Arpaio, who promotes himself as "America's Toughest Sheriff,"[1][2] has himself become controversial for his approach to operating the Maricopa County Sheriff's Office. First elected in 1992, Maricopa County voters reelected him sheriff in 1996, 2000, 2004 and 2008 by double-digit margins. Maricopa County Sheriff's Office[edit] Racial profiling[edit] Jail conditions[edit]
Psychopathy. Hervey M. Cleckley, a US-American psychiatrist, probably influenced the initial diagnostic criteria for antisocial personality reaction/disturbance in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), as did American psychologist George E. Partridge. [citation needed] The DSM and International Classification of Diseases (ICD) subsequently introduced the diagnoses of antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) and dissocial personality disorder, stating that these have been referred to (or include what is referred to) as psychopathy or sociopathy.[1][2][3][4] Canadian psychologist Robert D. Hare later repopularised the construct of psychopathy in criminology with his Psychopathy Checklist.[1][5] Definition[edit] Conceptions[edit] Researchers have noted that there appear to be at least two different conceptions of psychopathy, each with differing policy implications.
Triarchic model[edit] The triarchic model, formulated by Christopher J. Boldness. Measurement[edit] Offending[edit] Hare Psychopathy Checklist. The Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) is the psychological assessment most commonly used to rate psychopathy.[1] It is a 20-item inventory of perceived personality traits and recorded behaviors, intended to be completed on the basis of a semi-structured interview along with a review of 'collateral information' such as official records. The PCL was originally developed in the 1970s by Canadian psychologist Robert D. Hare for use in psychology experiments, based partly on Hare's work with male offenders and forensic inmates in Vancouver, and partly on an influential clinical profile by American psychiatrist Hervey M.
Cleckley first published in 1941. A revised version, renamed the Hare PCL, was drafted in 1985 and released in 1991 as the PCL-R, with an updated second edition in 2003. It comprises a manual, a rating booklet, scoring forms and interview guides. PCL-R model of psychopathy[edit] The two factors[edit] Usage[edit] Comparison with psychiatric diagnoses[edit] Criticism[edit] Antisocial personality disorder. Antisocial (or dissocial) personality disorder is characterized by a pervasive pattern of disregard for, or violation of, the rights of others. There may be an impoverished moral sense or conscience and a history of crime, legal problems, impulsive and aggressive behavior. Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) is the name of the disorder as defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM).
Dissocial personality disorder is the name of a similar or equivalent concept defined in the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD), where it states that the diagnosis includes antisocial personality disorder. Both manuals have similar but not identical criteria.[1] Both have also stated that their diagnoses have been referred to, or include what is referred to, as psychopathy or sociopathy, though distinctions are sometimes made.[2][3][4][5][6] Diagnosis[edit] DSM-IV-TR[edit] B) The individual is at least age 18 years. ICD-10[edit] Psychopathy[edit] Salar de Uyuni. Coordinates: Location of Salar de Uyuni Salar de Uyuni viewed from space, with Salar de Coipasa in the top left corner The Salar was formed as a result of transformations between several prehistoric lakes.
It is covered by a few meters of salt crust, which has an extraordinary flatness with the average altitude variations within one meter over the entire area of the Salar. The crust serves as a source of salt and covers a pool of brine, which is exceptionally rich in lithium. It contains 50 to 70% of the world's lithium reserves,[3] which is in the process of being extracted.
The large area, clear skies, and the exceptional flatness of the surface make the Salar an ideal object for calibrating the altimeters of Earth observation satellites.[4][5][6][7][8] The Salar serves as the major transport route across the Bolivian Altiplano and is a major breeding ground for several species of flamingos. Formation, geology and climate[edit] Economic influence[edit] Salt production at the Salar. The origins of the American accent (idea) Oliver Sacks. Oliver Wolf Sacks, CBE (born 9 July 1933) is a British-American neurologist, writer, and amateur chemist who is Professor of Neurology at New York University School of Medicine. Between 2007 and 2012, he was professor of neurology and psychiatry at Columbia University, where he also held the position of "Columbia Artist". Before that, he spent many years on the clinical faculty of Yeshiva University's Albert Einstein College of Medicine. He also holds the position of visiting professor at the United Kingdom's University of Warwick.[1] Early life[edit] Sacks was the youngest of four children born to a North London Jewish couple: Samuel Sacks, a physician (died June 1990),[3] and Muriel Elsie Landau, one of the first female surgeons in England.[4] Sacks has a large extended family, and his first cousins include Israeli statesman Abba Eban, writer and director Jonathan Lynn, and economist Robert Aumann.
Career[edit] Writing[edit] Honors[edit] Personal life[edit] Encephalitis lethargica. Encephalitis lethargica or von Economo disease is an atypical form of encephalitis. Also known as "sleepy sickness" (though different from the sleeping sickness transmitted by the tsetse fly), it was first described by the neurologist Constantin von Economo in 1917.[1][2] The disease attacks the brain, leaving some victims in a statue-like condition, speechless and motionless.[3] Between 1915 and 1926,[4] an epidemic of encephalitis lethargica spread around the world; no recurrence of the epidemic has since been reported, though isolated cases continue to occur.[5][6] Symptoms[edit] Encephalitis lethargica is characterized by high fever, sore throat, headache, lethargy, double vision, delayed physical and mental response, sleep inversion and catatonia.[3] In severe cases, patients may enter a coma-like state (akinetic mutism).
Cause[edit] The cause of encephalitis lethargica is not known for certain.[9] Research in 2004 suggested that the disease is due to an immune reaction. Meme. A meme (/ˈmiːm/ meem)[1] is "an idea, behavior, or style that spreads from person to person within a culture. "[2] A meme acts as a unit for carrying cultural ideas, symbols, or practices that can be transmitted from one mind to another through writing, speech, gestures, rituals, or other imitable phenomena with a mimicked theme. Supporters of the concept regard memes as cultural analogues to genes in that they self-replicate, mutate, and respond to selective pressures.[3] The word meme is a shortening (modeled on gene) of mimeme (from Ancient Greek μίμημα Greek pronunciation: [míːmɛːma] mīmēma, "imitated thing", from μιμεῖσθαι mimeisthai, "to imitate", from μῖμος mimos "mime")[4] and it was coined by the British evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins in The Selfish Gene (1976)[1][5] as a concept for discussion of evolutionary principles in explaining the spread of ideas and cultural phenomena.
Dawkins' own position is somewhat ambiguous: he obviously welcomed N. K. History[edit] Milgram experiment. The experimenter (E) orders the teacher (T), the subject of the experiment, to give what the latter believes are painful electric shocks to a learner (L), who is actually an actor and confederate. The subject believes that for each wrong answer, the learner was receiving actual electric shocks, though in reality there were no such punishments. Being separated from the subject, the confederate set up a tape recorder integrated with the electro-shock generator, which played pre-recorded sounds for each shock level.[1] The experiments began in July 1961, three months after the start of the trial of German Nazi war criminal Adolf Eichmann in Jerusalem. Milgram devised his psychological study to answer the popular question at that particular time: "Could it be that Eichmann and his million accomplices in the Holocaust were just following orders?
Could we call them all accomplices? " The experiment[edit] Milgram Experiment advertisement Results[edit] Criticism[edit] Ethics[edit] Replications[edit] Legends surrounding the papacy. The papacy has been surrounded by numerous legends. Among the most famous are the claims that the Papal Tiara bears the number of the beast inscriptions, that a woman was once elected pope, or that the current pope will be the last Pope. The two former claims have been independently determined to be false. The latter claim has been shown to be false for every known pope barring the incumbent; but it remains theoretically possible. Vicarius Filii Dei[edit] One misconception surrounding the Papal Tiara suggests that the words Vicarius Filii Dei (Latin for "Vicar of the Son of God") exist on the side of one of the tiaras.
Further, Vicarius Filii Dei is not among the titles of the Pope; the closest match is Vicarius Christi ("Vicar of Christ", also rendered in English as "Vicar of Jesus Christ"), the numerical values of which do not add up to 666, but to 214. Pope Joan[edit] The claim that a woman, often called Pope Joan, became pope first appeared in a Dominican chronicle in 1250. List of screw drives. A screw drive is the system used to turn a screw.[1][2] At a minimum, it is a feature on the screw that allows torque to be applied to it. Usually it also involves a mating tool, such as a screwdriver, that is used to turn it. The following heads are categorized based on commonality, with the less common drives being classified as "tamper-resistant". Most heads come in a range of sizes, typically distinguished by a number, such as "Phillips #00" or "Torx T5".
These sizes do not describe a particular dimension of the drive shape, but are arbitrary designations in the same sense as a "Size 8" shoe or dress. Common types[edit] External types[edit] External drives are characterized by a female tool and a male fastener. Square[edit] Square This screw drive uses square fastener heads. Hex[edit] A hex screw drive uses six-sided fastener heads. Pentagon[edit] A pentagon screw drive uses five-sided fastener heads. Thumbscrew[edit] Slotted types[edit] Slot[edit] Cross[edit] Cruciform types[edit] TTAP[edit] Qualia. Nuba peoples. Homonymous hemianopsia. Psychoneuroimmunology. Jerome Corsi. Phineas Gage. Mount Roraima.