Information Work (Lecture 10) Waste book. A waste book was one of the books traditionally used in bookkeeping. It comprised a daily diary of all transactions in chronological order.[1] It differs from a daybook in that only a single waste book is kept, rather than a separate daybook for each of several categories. The waste book was intended for temporary use only; the information needed to be transcribed into a journal in order to begin to balance one's accounts.[2] The name of the book derives from the fact that, once its information was transferred to the journal, the waste book was unneeded.[3] The use of the waste book has declined with the advent of double-entry accounting. See also[edit] Bookkeeping References[edit] Jump up ^ "Books". Accounting History Page. Why Study Accounting History? The history of accounting is as old as civilization, key to important phases of history, among the most important professions in economics and business, and fascinating.
Accountants participated in the development of cities, trade, and the concepts of wealth and numbers. Accountants invented writing, participated in the development of money and banking, invented double entry bookkeeping that fueled the Italian Renaissance, saved many Industrial Revolution inventors and entrepreneurs from bankruptcy, helped develop the confidence in capital markets necessary for western capitalism, and are central to the information revolution that is transforming the global economy. There are no household names among the accounting innovators; in fact, virtually no names survive before the Italian Renaissance. Other Stuff I’m Doing: See my web pages: garygiroux.com giroux@tamu Latest Book: Business Scandals, Corruption, and Reform: An Encyclopedia (July 2013) from Greenwood. John Harrison. John Harrison (3 April [O.S. 24 March] 1693– 24 March 1776) was a self-educated English carpenter and clockmaker.
He invented the marine chronometer, a long-sought after device for solving the problem of establishing the East-West position or longitude of a ship at sea, thus revolutionising and extending the possibility of safe long-distance sea travel in the Age of Sail. The problem was considered so intractable that the British Parliament offered the Longitude prize of £20,000 (comparable to £2.66 million/$4.25 million US in modern currency) for the solution.[1][2] Harrison came 39th in the BBC's 2002 public poll of the 100 Greatest Britons.[3] Early life[edit] John Harrison was born in Foulby, near Wakefield in West Yorkshire, the first of five children in his family.
In around 1700, the Harrison family moved to the Lincolnshire village of Barrow upon Humber. He also had a fascination for music, eventually becoming choirmaster for Barrow parish church.[5] Career[edit] H4[edit] Calendar (New Style) Act 1750. The Calendar (New Style) Act 1750 (c.23) (also known as Chesterfield's Act after Philip Stanhope, 4th Earl of Chesterfield) was an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain.
It reformed the calendar of England and British Dominions so that the new legal year began on 1 January rather than 25 March (Lady Day); and it adopted the Gregorian calendar, as used in most of western Europe. The Parliament held that the Julian calendar then in use, and the start of the year on 25 March, were In England and Wales, the legal year 1751 was a short year of 282 days, running from 25 March to 31 December. 1752 began on 1 January. To align the calendar in use in England to that on the continent, the Gregorian calendar was adopted: and the calendar was advanced by 11 days: Wednesday 2 September 1752 was followed by Thursday 14 September 1752.[2] The year 1752 was thus a short year (355 days) as well.
Scotland had already partly made the change: the year began on 1 January in 1600. Calendar. A calendar is a system of organizing days for social, religious, commercial or administrative purposes. This is done by giving names to periods of time, typically days, weeks, months, and years. A date is the designation of a single, specific day within such a system. Periods in a calendar (such as years and months) are usually, though not necessarily, synchronized with the cycle of the sun or the moon. Many civilizations and societies have devised a calendar, usually derived from other calendars on which they model their systems, suited to their particular needs. A calendar is also a physical device (often paper). This is the most common usage of the word. Other similar types of calendars can include computerized systems, which can be set to remind the user of upcoming events and appointments.
A calendar can also mean a list of planned events, such as a court calendar. Calendar systems[edit] A full calendar system has a different calendar date for every day. Solar calendars[edit] Gregorian calendar. The Gregorian calendar, also called the Western calendar and the Christian calendar, is internationally the most widely used civil calendar.[1][2][3] It has been the unofficial global standard for decades, recognised by international institutions such as the United Nations and the Universal Postal Union.[4] The calendar was a refinement in 1582 to the Julian calendar[5] amounting to a 0.002% correction in the length of the year. The motivation for the reform was to bring the date for the celebration of Easter to the time of the year in which the First Council of Nicaea had agreed upon in 325. Because the celebration of Easter was tied to the spring equinox, the Roman Catholic Church considered this steady drift in the date of Easter undesirable.
The reform was adopted initially by the Catholic countries of Europe. The Gregorian reform modified the Julian calendar's scheme of leap years as follows: Description[edit] A Gregorian year is divided into twelve months, as follows: History[edit] Manuel Castells. Manuel Castells (Spanish: Manuel Castells Oliván; born 1942) is a Spanish sociologist especially associated with research on the information society, communication and globalization. The 2000–09 research survey of the Social Sciences Citation Index ranks him as the world’s fifth most-cited social science scholar, and the foremost-cited communication scholar.[1] He was awarded the 2012 Holberg Prize,[2] for having "shaped our understanding of the political dynamics of urban and global economies in the network society.
"[3] In 2013 he was awarded the Balzan Prize for Sociology. Life[edit] Manuel Castells was raised primarily in La Mancha but he moved to Barcelona, where he studied Law and Economics. "My parents were very good parents. Castells was politically active in the student anti-Franco movement, an adolescent political activism that forced him to flee Spain for France. Work[edit] Publications[edit] The Urban Question. Recent Journal Articles Pertinent papers Books about Manuel Castells. Network society. The term network society describes several different phenomena related to the social, political, economic and cultural changes caused by the spread of networked, digital information and communications technologies.
A number of academics (see below) are credited with coining the term since the 1980s and several competing definitions exist. The intellectual origins of the idea can be traced back to the work of early social theorists such as Georg Simmel who analyzed the effect of modernization and industrial capitalism on complex patterns of affiliation, organization, production and experience. Origins[edit] The term network society, nettsamfunn, was coined in Norwegian by Stein Braten in his book Modeller av menneske og samfunn (1981). Later the term was put to use in Dutch by Jan van Dijk in his book De Netwerkmaatschappij (1991) (The Network Society) and by Manuel Castells in The Rise of the Network Society (1996), the first part of his trilogy The Information Age. Manuel Castells[edit] The Job by Sinclair Lewis. The American instructor : calculated to succeed the English and other spelling-books containing a selection of the principal part of the words in common use divided, accented, defined and their pronunciation accurately pointed out. Adapted to the orthogra.
Scientific Revolution (Lecture 9) Lady Mary Wortley Montagu. Lady Mary Wortley Montagu (15 May 1689 – 21 August 1762) was an English aristocrat and writer. Lady Mary is today chiefly remembered for her letters, particularly her letters from Turkey, as wife to the British ambassador, which have been described by Billie Melman as “the very first example of a secular work by a woman about the Muslim Orient”.[1] Early life[edit] Lady Mary Pierrepont was born in London on 15 May 1689; her baptism took place on 26 May at St. Paul's Church in Covent Garden.[2] She was a daughter of Evelyn Pierrepont, 5th Earl of Kingston-upon-Hull, and his first wife, Lady Mary Fielding. Her mother had three more children before dying in 1692. Marriage and embassy to Ottoman Empire[edit] By 1710 Lady Mary had two possible suitors to choose from: Edward Wortley Montagu and Clotworthy Skeffington.[3] Mary's father, now Marquess of Dorchester, rejected Wortley Montagu as a prospect because he refused to entail his estate on a possible heir.
Later years[edit] Journal des sçavans. The first issue of the Journal des sçavans (title page) The Journal des sçavans (later renamed Journal des savants), established by Denis de Sallo, was the earliest academic journal published in Europe. Its content included obituaries of famous men, church history, and legal reports.[1] The first issue appeared as a twelve page quarto pamphlet[2] on Monday, 5 January 1665.[3] This was shortly before the first appearance of the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, on 6 March 1665.[4] The journal ceased publication in 1792, during the French Revolution, and, although it very briefly reappeared in 1797 under the updated title Journal des savants, it did not re-commence regular publication until 1816.
From then on, the Journal des savants became more of a literary journal, and ceased to carry significant scientific material.[1][5] References[edit] Further reading[edit] Brown, Harcourt (1972). External links[edit] Joseph Moxon. Joseph Moxon (8 August 1627 - February 1691 [1]), hydrographer to Charles II, was an English printer of mathematical books and maps, a maker of globes and mathematical instruments, and mathematical lexicographer. He produced the first English language dictionary devoted to mathematics. In November 1678, he became the first tradesman to be elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society. Life[edit] In 1652, Moxon visited Amsterdam and commissioned the engraving of globe-printing plates, and by the end of the year was selling large celestial and terrestrial globes in a new business venture. He specialized in the printing of maps and charts, and in the production of globes, and mathematical instruments made of paper.
In January 1662, he was appointed hydrographer to the King, despite his Puritan background. Moxon's 1683 book, Mechanick Exercises, provides descriptions of contemporary printing methods that have proved useful for bibliographers. Works[edit] A tutor to astronomy & geography. Notes[edit] Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. Title page of the first volume of Phil. Trans., covering the years 1665 and 1666 The Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society (Phil. Trans.) is a scientific journal published by the Royal Society of London. It was established in 1665,[1] making it the first journal in the world exclusively devoted to science.
It has a strong claim to be the world's longest-running scientific journal. The slightly earlier Journal des sçavans can also lay claim to be the world's first science journal, although it contained a wide variety of non-scientific material as well.[2] The use of the word "philosophical" in the title refers to "natural philosophy", which was the equivalent of what would now be generically called "science".
History[edit] In July 2011 programmer Greg Maxwell released through the The Pirate Bay, the nearly 19 thousand articles that had been published before 1923, and were therefore in the public domain. Current publication[edit] See also[edit] References[edit] External links[edit] John Graunt. John Graunt (24 April 1620 – 18 April 1674) was one of the first demographers, though by profession he was a haberdasher. Born in London, the eldest of seven or eight children of Henry and Mary Graunt. His father was a draper who had moved to London from Hampshire. In February 1641, Graunt married Mary Scott, with whom he had one son (Henry) and three daughters. Graunt, along with William Petty, developed early human statistical and census methods that later provided a framework for modern demography. He is credited with producing the first life table, giving probabilities of survival to each age.
Graunt is also considered as one of the first experts in epidemiology, since his famous book was concerned mostly with public health statistics. The erudition of the Observations led Graunt to the Royal Society, where he presented his work and was subsequently elected a fellow. Title page of Graunt's Observations on the Bills of Mortality (1662). See also[edit] Ratio estimator References[edit] Protoscience. In the philosophy of science, there are several definitions of protoscience. Protoscience is sometimes distinguished from pseudoscience by a willingness to be disproven by new evidence, or to be replaced by a more predictive theory. [citation needed] Compare fringe science, which is considered highly speculative or even strongly refuted.[1] Some protosciences go on to become an accepted part of mainstream science.[2] Philosopher of chemistry Jaap Brakel defines protoscience as "the study of normative criteria for the use of experimental technology in science.
"[3] On protoscience Thomas Kuhn said that they "generate testable conclusions but ... nevertheless resemble philosophy and the arts rather than the established sciences in their developmental patterns. See also[edit] References[edit] Jump up ^ Dutch, Steven I (January 1982). Further reading[edit] H Holcomb, Moving Beyond Just-So Stories: Evolutionary Psychology as Protoscience. External links[edit] Robert Boyle. Robert Boyle, FRS, (25 January 1627 – 31 December 1691) was an Irish 17th-century natural philosopher, chemist, physicist, and inventor. Born in Lismore, County Waterford, Ireland, he was also noted for his writings in theology. Although his research clearly has its roots in the alchemical tradition, Boyle is largely regarded today as the first modern chemist, and therefore one of the founders of modern chemistry, and one of the pioneers of modern experimental scientific method.
He is best known for Boyle's law,[2] which describes the inversely proportional relationship between the absolute pressure and volume of a gas, if the temperature is kept constant within a closed system.[3][4] Among his works, The Sceptical Chymist is seen as a cornerstone book in the field of chemistry. Biography[edit] Early years[edit] Boyle was born in Lismore Castle, in County Waterford, Ireland, the seventh son and fourteenth child of Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork and Catherine Fenton. Middle years[edit] Medical journal: Study linking autism, vaccines is 'elaborate fraud' History of the Royal Society. The Emergence of the Public (Lecture 8) ROBERT DARNTON | An Early Information Society: News and the Media in Eighteenth-Century Paris | The American Historical Review, 105.1. Public opinion. Letter to Chesterfield. Libelle (literary genre) List of the oldest newspapers. English coffeehouses in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Home Page.
Coffeehouse.