Relative Clauses Content How to form relative clauses Level: lower intermediate Relative pronouns Level: lower intermediate Subject pronouns or Object pronouns? Relative adverbs Level: intermediate Defining relative clauses Level: lower intermediate Non-defining relative clauses Level: upper intermediate How to shorten relative clauses Level: intermediate Exercises and Tests Exercises and tests on relative clauses We use relative clauses to give additional information about something without starting another sentence. How to Form Relative Clauses Level: lower intermediate Imagine, a girl is talking to Tom. A girl is talking to Tom. That sounds rather complicated, doesn't it? Do you know the girl … As your friend cannot know which girl you are talking about, you need to put in the additional information – the girl is talking to Tom. Do you know the girl who is talking to Tom? Relative Pronouns Level: lower intermediate Subject Pronoun or Object Pronoun? the apple which is lying on the table Tests
Relative Clauses (See a list of all the exercises about relative clauses here). We can use relative clauses to join two English sentences, or to give more information about something. I bought a new car. It is very fast.→ I bought a new car that is very fast. She lives in New York. Defining and Non-defining A defining relative clause tells which noun we are talking about: I like the woman who lives next door. A non-defining relative clause gives us extra information about something. I live in London, which has some fantastic parks. Defining relative clauses: 1: The relative pronoun is the subject: First, let's consider when the relative pronoun is the subject of a defining relative clause. We can use 'who', 'which' or 'that'. The relative clause can come after the subject or the object of the sentence. For example (clause after the object of the sentence): More examples (clause after the subject of the sentence): Try an exercise where the relative pronoun is the subject here. Non-defining relative clauses: go to
passive review1 Participle Clauses 1 Reduced Relative Clauses (Download this page in PDF here.) (Click here for information about participle adjectives.) We can use participle clauses after a noun in the same way as relative clauses. This gives more information about the noun. 1: A present participle (verb + ing) can be used in the same way as an active relative clause: The man driving the car is a friend of mine.(= The man who is driving the car is a friend of mine). The present participle can replace any active tense, not just the present continuous tense: Lorries coming over the bridge have to be careful of the wind.(= Lorries that come over the bridge have to be careful of the wind).Who was the girl wearing the red dress? 2: A past participle can be used in the same way as a simple passive relative clause: 3: 'Being + past participle' can be used in the same way as a continuous passive relative clause: Things to notice: 1: We generally don't use perfect participles ('having + past participle') in this case. Try an exercise!
Defining i Non-defining relative clauses - zdania względne definiujące w angielskim Relative clauses, czyli zdania względne wprowadzają dodatkowe informacje o o osobach/rzeczach, o których jest mowa w zdaniu głównym. Jesli relative clause wprowadza nam informację mało istotną, której pominięcie nie wpłynęłoby na zrozumienie zdania głównego, musimy wtedy relative clause oddzielić przecinkami od zdania głównego np. Jeśli informacja wtrącona za pomocą relative clause jest niezbędna do prawidłowego zrozumienia sensu zdania głównego, nie stosujemy przecinków. Głównie taka sytuacja ma miejsce, jeśli w relative clause zawarte są wiadomości konieczne do zidentyfikowania osoby/rzeczy/przedmiotu o które nam chodzi np. Żeby szybciej zapamiętać, można wyobrazić sobie, że jeśli informacja nie jest taka ważna, to wstawiamy ją pomiędzy przecinki, żeby w razie potrzeby szybciej zidentyfikować i usunąć. Jeśli natomiast informacja jest niezbędna, przecinków stawiać nie wolno, bo tworzy ona z całym zdaniem niepodzielną całość. Porównajmy przykłady:
relative clauses review Simple Present or Present Progressive/Continuous We want to offer you the optimal user experience! To keep this service free of charge, we and our partners (%%vendorCountWithoutMandatory%%) need your consent. This includes the use of a so-called "TC String" – a digital identifier that stores your advertising preferences and enables the compliance with your data protection preferences. This allows the use of cookies and similar technologies for personalised advertising and content, advertising and content measurement, audience research and services development. Here, you can also revoke your consent at any time with effect for the future. Note on data transfer to the USA: Data transfer to the USA is only carried out within the framework of legal possibilities. Store and/or access information on a device Precise geolocation data, and identification through device scanning Personalised advertising and content, advertising and content measurement, audience research and services development
passive review Simple Present vs. Present Progressive Exercises and tests Form See also explanations on Simple Present and Present Progressive Use In general or right now? Do you want to express that something happens in general or that something is happening right now? Timetable / Schedule or arrangement? Do you want to express that something is arranged for the near future? Daily routine or just for a limited period of time? Do you want to talk about a daily routine? Certain Verbs The following verbs are usually only used in Simple Present (not in the progressive form). state: be, cost, fit, mean, suitExample: We are on holiday. possession: belong, haveExample: Sam has a cat. senses: feel, hear, see, smell, taste, touchExample: He feels the cold. feelings: hate, hope, like, love, prefer, regret, want, wishExample: Jane loves pizza. brain work: believe, know, think, understandExample: I believe you. Exercies on Simple Present and Present Progressive Tests on Simple Present and Present Progressive
Active / Passive Verb Forms Sentences can be active or passive. Therefore, tenses also have "active forms" and "passive forms." You must learn to recognize the difference to successfully speak English. Active Form In active sentences, the thing doing the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing receiving the action is the object. [Thing doing action] + [verb] + [thing receiving action] Examples: Passive Form In passive sentences, the thing receiving the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing doing the action is optionally included near the end of the sentence. [Thing receiving action] + [be] + [past participle of verb] + [by] + [thing doing action] Active / Passive Overview Your personal online English school.
Use of English: Tenses Kangaroo injures Australian politician May 18, 2013 A kangaroo (1)(injure) Australian politician Shane Rattenbury in the Australian capital, Canberra, on Thursday. Mr. Rattenbury (2)(take) a morning jog in the Canberra suburb of Ainslie when the kangaroo (3)(surprise) him, and in the ensuing confrontation Mr. Rattenbury (4)(scratch) several times on the leg.By Mr Rattenbury's account, the kangaroo (5)(be) an eastern grey kangaroo, which is a common species in Australia. Upper-intermediate use of English - Exercise 3: Kangaroo injures Australian politician Kangaroo injures Australian politician Saturday, May 18, 2013A kangaroo injured Australian politician Shane Rattenbury in the Australian (1), Canberra, on Thursday. Mr. By Mr Rattenbury's (5), the kangaroo was an eastern grey kangaroo, which is a common (6) in Australia.
Upper-intermediate use of English - Exercise 3 Woman gives birth on New Jersey PATH train Tuesday, January 17, 2012A New Jersey woman, 31-year-old Rabita Sarker, gave birth on a moving Port Authority Trans-Hudson (PATH) train yesterday morning. She and her husband Aditya Saurabh were heading (1) St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital in Manhattan (2) a "practice run". She gave birth (3) the Journal Square and 33rd Street stations at 9:49 am ET. Sarker boarded the Manhattan-bound PATH train at Journal Square (4) experiencing labor pains. (5) first she believed these were false, (6) soon realized she was (7) fact giving birth.