background preloader

Topology

Topology
Möbius strips, which have only one surface and one edge, are a kind of object studied in topology. Topology developed as a field of study out of geometry and set theory, through analysis of such concepts as space, dimension, and transformation. Such ideas go back to Leibniz, who in the 17th century envisioned the geometria situs (Latin for "geometry of place") and analysis situs (Greek-Latin for "picking apart of place"). The term topology was introduced by Johann Benedict Listing in the 19th century, although it was not until the first decades of the 20th century that the idea of a topological space was developed. By the middle of the 20th century, topology had become a major branch of mathematics. Topology has many subfields: See also: topology glossary for definitions of some of the terms used in topology, and topological space for a more technical treatment of the subject. History[edit] Topology began with the investigation of certain questions in geometry. Elementary introduction[edit]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topology

Related:  risully

Second death The second death is an eschatological concept in Judaism and Christianity related to punishment after a first, natural, death. Judaism[edit] Although the term is not found in the Hebrew Bible, Sysling in his study (1996) of Teḥiyyat ha-metim (Hebrew; "resurrection of the dead") in the Palestinian Targums identifies a consistent usage of the term "second death" in texts of the Second Temple period and early Rabbinical writings. Quadratic function A quadratic function, in mathematics, is a polynomial function of the form The graph of a quadratic function is a parabola whose axis of symmetry is parallel to the y-axis. The expression ax2 + bx + c in the definition of a quadratic function is a polynomial of degree 2, or a 2nd degree polynomial, because the highest exponent of x is 2.

Graph theory Refer to the glossary of graph theory for basic definitions in graph theory. Definitions[edit] Definitions in graph theory vary. Old Earth creationism Old Earth creationism is an umbrella term for a number of types of creationism, including gap creationism, progressive creationism, and evolutionary creationism.[1] Old Earth creationism is typically more compatible with mainstream scientific thought on the issues of physics, chemistry, geology and the age of the Earth, in comparison to young Earth creationism.[2] Types of old Earth creationism[edit] Gap creationism[edit] Gap creationism states that life was immediately and recently created on a pre-existing old Earth. One variant rests on a rendering of Genesis 1:1-2 as: "In the beginning ... the earth was formless and void."

Algebra "Algebraist" redirects here. For the novel by Iain M. Banks, see The Algebraist. The quadratic formula expresses the solution of the degree two equation in terms of its coefficients , where Graph dynamical system In mathematics, the concept of graph dynamical systems can be used to capture a wide range of processes taking place on graphs or networks. A major theme in the mathematical and computational analysis of GDSs is to relate their structural properties (e.g. the network connectivity) and the global dynamics that result. The work on GDSs considers finite graphs and finite state spaces. As such, the research typically involves techniques from, e.g., graph theory, combinatorics, algebra, and dynamical systems rather than differential geometry. In principle, one could define and study GDSs over an infinite graph (e.g. cellular automata or Probabilistic Cellular Automata over

Young Earth creationism Young Earth Creationism (YEC) is the religious belief[1] that the Universe, Earth and all life on Earth were created by direct acts of the Abrahamic God during a relatively short period, between 5,700 and 10,000 years ago.[2] Its primary adherents are those Christians and Jews[3] who, using a literal interpretation of the Genesis creation narrative as a basis, believe that God created the Earth in six 24-hour days.[4][5] Young Earth Creationists differ from other creationists in that they believe in a strict-literal interpretation of the Bible regarding the age of the Earth. This contrasts with Old Earth Creationists, who believe that the Book of Genesis may be interpreted metaphorically and who accept the scientifically determined age of Earth and the universe.[6] Since the mid-20th century, young Earth Creationists starting with Henry M.

Group (mathematics) Groups share a fundamental kinship with the notion of symmetry. For example, a symmetry group encodes symmetry features of a geometrical object: the group consists of the set of transformations that leave the object unchanged and the operation of combining two such transformations by performing one after the other. Lie groups are the symmetry groups used in the Standard Model of particle physics; Point groups are used to help understand symmetry phenomena in molecular chemistry; and Poincaré groups can express the physical symmetry underlying special relativity. One of the most familiar groups is the set of integers Z which consists of the numbers ..., −4, −3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ...,[3] together with addition. The following properties of integer addition serve as a model for the abstract group axioms given in the definition below.

Related: