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Fundamental attribution error - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In social psychology , the fundamental attribution error (also known as correspondence bias or attribution effect ) describes the tendency to over-value dispositional or personality-based explanations for the observed behaviors of others while under-valuing situational explanations for those behaviors. The fundamental attribution error is most visible when people explain the behavior of others. It does not explain interpretations of one's own behavior—where situational factors are often taken into consideration. This discrepancy is called the actor–observer bias . As a simple example, if Alice saw Bob trip over a rock and fall, Alice might consider Bob to be clumsy or careless (dispositional). If Alice tripped over the same rock herself, she would be more likely to blame the placement of the rock (situational).
Hindsight bias - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Hindsight , also known as the knew-it-all-along effect or creeping determinism , is the inclination to see events that have already occurred as being more predictable than they were before they took place. [ 1 ] It is a multifaceted phenomenon that can affect different stages of designs, processes, contexts, and situations. [ 2 ] Hindsight bias may cause memory distortion, where the recollection and reconstruction of content can lead to false theoretical outcomes. It has been suggested that the effect can cause extreme methodological problems while trying to analyze, understand, and interpret results in experimental studies. A basic example of the hindsight bias is when, after viewing the outcome of a potentially unforeseeable event, a person believes he or she "knew it all along."
Cognitive dissonance is a discomfort caused by holding conflicting cognitions (e.g., ideas , beliefs , values , emotional reactions) simultaneously. In a state of dissonance, people may feel surprise, dread, guilt, anger, or embarrassment. [ 1 ] The theory of cognitive dissonance in social psychology proposes that people have a motivational drive to reduce dissonance by altering existing cognitions, adding new ones to create a consistent belief system, or alternatively by reducing the importance of any one of the dissonant elements. [ 1 ] An example of this would be the conflict between wanting to smoke and knowing that smoking is unhealthy; a person may try to change their feelings about the odds that they will actually suffer the consequences, or they might add the consonant element that the smoking is worth short term benefits.
Cognitive dissonance - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
philosophy
psychology