Behaviorism Behaviorism (or behaviourism), is the science of behavior that focuses on observable behavior only,[1] it is also an approach to psychology that combines elements of philosophy, methodology, and theory.[2] It emerged in the early twentieth century as a reaction to "mentalistic" psychology, which often had difficulty making predictions that could be tested using rigorous experimental methods. The primary tenet of behaviorism, as expressed in the writings of John B. Watson, B. From early psychology in the 19th century, the behaviorist school of thought ran concurrently and shared commonalities with the psychoanalytic and Gestalt movements in psychology into the 20th century; but also differed from the mental philosophy of the Gestalt psychologists in critical ways.[5] Its main influences were Ivan Pavlov, who investigated classical conditioning although he did not necessarily agree with behaviorism or behaviorists, Edward Lee Thorndike, John B. Versions[edit] Two subtypes are:
Humanismus Humanismus ist eine seit dem 19. Jahrhundert gebräuchliche Bezeichnung für verschiedene, teils gegensätzliche geistige Strömungen in diversen historischen Ausformungen, unter denen der Renaissance-Humanismus begriffsbildend herausragt. Gemeinsam ist ihnen eine optimistische Einschätzung der Fähigkeit der Menschheit, zu einer besseren Existenzform zu finden. Es wird ein Gesellschafts- und insbesondere Bildungsideal entworfen, dessen Verwirklichung jedem die bestmögliche Persönlichkeitsentfaltung ermöglichen soll. Damit verbindet sich Kritik an bestehenden Verhältnissen, die aus humanistischer Sicht diesem Ziel entgegenstehen. Hinsichtlich der konkreten Inhalte bestehen zwischen den einzelnen Humanismuskonzepten große Unterschiede, die sich aus der Verschiedenheit der anthropologischen Grundannahmen ergeben. Der Humanismus der Renaissance war eine breite Bildungsbewegung, die auf antike oder als antik angesehene Vorstellungen zurückgriff. Breites Spektrum neuerer Lesarten[Bearbeiten]
Philosophy Pages Scholasticism Predominant method of critical thought in academic pedagogy of medieval European universities, circa 1100–1700 14th-century image of a university lecture Scholasticism was a medieval school of philosophy that employed a critical method of philosophical analysis presupposed upon a Latin Catholic theistic paradigm which dominated teaching in the medieval universities in Europe from about 1100 to 1700. It originated within the Christian monastic schools that were the basis of the earliest European universities.[1] The rise of scholasticism was closely associated with these schools that flourished in Italy, France, Spain and England.[2] Scholasticism is not so much a philosophy or a theology as a method of learning, as it places a strong emphasis on dialectical reasoning to extend knowledge by inference and to resolve contradictions. Etymology[edit] History[edit] Early Scholasticism[edit] High Scholasticism[edit] Spanish Scholasticism[edit] Late Scholasticism[edit] Lutheran Scholasticism[edit]
The Birth of Behavioral Psychology - Author: Dave Grossman "Behavioral Psychology" The Birth of Behavioral Psychology Around the turn of the century, Edward Thorndike attempted to develop an objective experimental method for testing the mechanical problem solving ability of cats and dogs. Thorndike devised a number of wooden crates which required various combinations of latches, levers, strings, and treadles to open them. Thorndike's initial aim was to show that the anecdotal achievement of cats and dogs could be replicated in controlled, standardized circumstances. Thorndike was particularly interested in discovering whether his animals could learn their tasks through imitation or observation. By 1910 Thorndike had formalized this notion into the "Law of Effect," which essentially states that responses that are accompanied or followed by satisfaction (i.e., a reward, or what was later to be termed a reinforcement) will be more likely to reoccur, and those which are accompanied by discomfort (i.e., a punishment) will be less likely to reoccur.
Civic Humanism First published Tue Oct 1, 2002; substantive revision Tue Dec 13, 2011 A variant of republicanism indicating active, participatory, patriotic citizenship as well as the ethos and educational ideal that goes with it. The term was coined in the context of the embattled Weimar Republic and its genesis is deeply marked by the traditions of German historical scholarship. It was first used by the historian Hans Baron to describe an upsurge of patriotic republicanism as a response to foreign aggression and despotism, informed by the revival of classical models in Renaissance Florence. This movement is also taken as a decisive turning point away from medieval ways and towards liberating modernity. The term civic humanism has gained wide circulation and influence since its reception into English-language historical writing. In terms of sober historical scholarship the greatest value of the concept has been that of a heuristic device leading to important corrections of received ideas. 1. 2. 3. 4.
Philosophy Audio Classes Skip to main content We will keep fighting for all libraries - stand with us! John VIII Palaiologos John VIII Palaiologos or Palaeologus (Greek: Ἰωάννης Παλαιολόγος, translit. Iōannēs Palaiologos; 18 December 1392 – 31 October 1448) was the penultimate reigning Byzantine Emperor, ruling from 1425 to 1448. Life[edit] John VIII Palaiologos was the eldest son of Manuel II Palaiologos and Helena Dragaš, the daughter of the Serbian prince Constantine Dragaš. John VIII Palaiologos named his brother Constantine XI, who had served as regent in Constantinople in 1437–1439, as his successor. John VIII died at Constantinople in 1448, becoming the last reigning Byzantine emperor to die of natural causes. Marriages[edit] John VIII Palaiologos was married three times.[1] His first marriage was in 1414 to Anna of Moscow, daughter of Grand Prince Basil I of Moscow (1389–1425) and Sophia of Lithuania. His third marriage, arranged by the future cardinal, Bessarion, was to Maria of Trebizond in 1427. Representation in art[edit] Gallery[edit] Ancestry[edit] See also[edit] List of Byzantine emperors
Structuralism In sociology, anthropology and linguistics, structuralism is the theory that elements of human culture must be understood in terms of their relationship to a larger, overarching system or structure. It works to uncover the structures that underlie all the things that humans do, think, perceive, and feel. Alternatively, as summarized by philosopher Simon Blackburn, structuralism is "the belief that phenomena of human life are not intelligible except through their interrelations. These relations constitute a structure, and behind local variations in the surface phenomena there are constant laws of abstract culture".[1] In the 1970s, structuralism was criticised for its rigidity and ahistoricism. Overview[edit] The term "structuralism" is a belated term that describes a particular philosophical/literary movement or moment. The origins of structuralism connect with the work of Ferdinand de Saussure on linguistics, along with the linguistics of the Prague and Moscow schools. See also[edit]
Friedrich Immanuel Niethammer Leben[Bearbeiten] Der in Württemberg in einer Pfarrersfamilie geborene Niethammer trat 1780 in die Klosterschule in Denkendorf ein, wechselte 1782 in die höhere Klosterschule nach Maulbronn und wurde 1784 Stipendiat im Tübinger Stift, wo er Friedrich Hölderlin, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel und Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling kennenlernte. 1790 kam er nach Jena, wo er bei Carl Leonhard Reinhold die Philosophie Kants studierte und sich mit Franz Paul von Herbert aus Klagenfurt anfreundete, mit dem er bis zu dessen Tod befreundet blieb und in dessen Bleiweißfabrik er 1793/94 arbeitete. Beide waren auch mit dem Reinhold-Schüler Johann Benjamin Erhard befreundet, der 1795 das Buch Über das Recht des Volkes zu einer Revolution veröffentlichte. 1795 widmete er Herbert die Schrift Über Religion als Wissenschaft zur Bestimmung des Inhalts der Religionen und der Behandlungsart ihrer Urkunden. Literatur[Bearbeiten] Weblinks[Bearbeiten] Belege[Bearbeiten]
Philosophy Blog: Only fools tread where the wise fear « A journey into the mind of a philosopher Anna of Moscow Anna Vasilievna of Moscow (1393 – August 1417) was a Byzantine Empress consort by marriage to John VIII Palaiologos. She died while her husband was still the junior co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire. Family[edit] She was a daughter of Vasily I of Moscow and Sophia of Lithuania. Her maternal grandparents were Vytautas the Great and his first wife, Anna. Marriage[edit] She married John VIII in 1414. Ancestry[edit] External links[edit] Cawley, Charles, Her listing, along with her husband, ., Medieval Lands database, Foundation for Medieval Genealogy