Double-R: A Computational Cognitive Grammar of English Last Updated 3 September 2015 Jerry Ball with Mary Freiman, Stu Rodgers and Alan Ball Table of Contents: Chapter 1: Introduction Double-R Grammar is a computational cognitive grammar of English that details a system of grammatical representation focused on capturing two key dimensions of meaning — referential and relational meaning. Double-R identifies the referring expressions in the input (e.g. object referring expression or nominal, situation referring expression or clause) and the relationships between these referring expressions (e.g. transitive verb relating a subject and an object). Although most of the examples in this document show the representation and processing of isolated sentences, Double-R accepts input from single words up to an entire document of text. We refer to Double-R representations as grammatical or linguistic (but not syntactic) representations. Double-R is a work in progress. Top Chapter 2: Methodological Commitments
Jim Crow Laws - Separate Is Not Equal “Marriages are void when one party is a white person and the other is possessed of one-eighth or more negro, Japanese, or Chinese blood.” —Nebraska, 1911 “Separate free schools shall be established for the education of children of African descent; and it shall be unlawful for any colored child to attend any white school, or any white child to attend a colored school.” —Missouri, 1929 “All railroads carrying passengers in the state (other than street railroads) shall provide equal but separate accommodations for the white and colored races, by providing two or more passenger cars for each passenger train, or by dividing the cars by a partition, so as to secure separate accommodations.” —Tennessee, 1891 See more Jim Crow laws Restricted real-estate covenant In communities across the country, property owners signed agreements called restrictive covenants.
Civil Rights Timeline Introduction The U.S. Civil Rights Movement ranks as one of the most profound watershed events in world history. While there is much in the areas of race relations and social reform to be accomplished, no informed observer can deny the momentous changes brought about by what most people consider ordinary people. The aim of this project is to shine the spotlight on some of those individuals who courageously gave their lives to the causes of freedom, justice, and equality in what had been touted as being the finest country on earth. After having suffered a long train of abuses from city, county, and state officials (along with an uncounted number of self-appointed defenders of segregation), black Mississippians, with the help of a variety of groups and individuals from throughout the country, built a movement that attacked oppression at its core -- a segregated system that served to maintain inequality between the races.
Who Was Jim Crow? The name Jim Crow is often used to describe the segregation laws, rules, and customs which arose after Reconstruction ended in 1877 and continued until the mid-1960s. How did the name become associated with these "Black Codes" which took away many of the rights which had been granted to blacks through the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments? These words are from the song, "Jim Crow," as it appeared in sheet music written by Thomas Dartmouth "Daddy" Rice. Rice, a struggling "actor" (he did short solo skits between play scenes) at the Park Theater in New York, happened upon a black person singing the above song -- some accounts say it was an old black slave who walked with difficulty, others say it was a ragged black stable boy. Rice, a white man, was one of the first performers to wear blackface makeup -- his skin was darkened with burnt cork. By 1838, the term "Jim Crow" was being used as a collective racial epithet for blacks, not as offensive as nigger, but similar to coon or darkie.
Jim Crow Laws - Martin Luther King Jr National Historic Site From the 1880s into the 1960s, a majority of American states enforced segregation through "Jim Crow" laws (so called after a black character in minstrel shows). From Delaware to California, and from North Dakota to Texas, many states (and cities, too) could impose legal punishments on people for consorting with members of another race. The most common types of laws forbade intermarriage and ordered business owners and public institutions to keep their black and white clientele separated. Here is a sampling of laws from various states. Nurses: No person or corporation shall require any white female nurse to nurse in wards or rooms in hospitals, either public or private, in which negro men are placed. Buses: All passenger stations in this state operated by any motor transportation company shall have separate waiting rooms or space and separate ticket windows for the white and colored races. Intermarriage: It shall be unlawful for a white person to marry anyone except a white person.
The 100 best novels written in English: the full list 1. The Pilgrim’s Progress by John Bunyan (1678) A story of a man in search of truth told with the simple clarity and beauty of Bunyan’s prose make this the ultimate English classic. 2. Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe (1719) By the end of the 19th century, no book in English literary history had enjoyed more editions, spin-offs and translations. 3. A satirical masterpiece that’s never been out of print, Jonathan Swift’s Gulliver’s Travels comes third in our list of the best novels written in English 4. Clarissa is a tragic heroine, pressured by her unscrupulous nouveau-riche family to marry a wealthy man she detests, in the book that Samuel Johnson described as “the first book in the world for the knowledge it displays of the human heart.” 5. Tom Jones is a classic English novel that captures the spirit of its age and whose famous characters have come to represent Augustan society in all its loquacious, turbulent, comic variety. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22.
Examples of Jim Crow Laws "It shall be unlawful for a negro and white person to play together or in company with each other at any game of pool or billiards." This selection is an example of a Jim Crow law that was effective in the state of Alabama from the late 19th century to the early 20th century. Jim Crow laws functioned to keep black and white people separated, particularly in social settings and social institutions such as marriage. More Jim Crow Laws These hateful laws worked to enforce segregation amongst the races, which ultimately led to civil rights actions starting in the 1950s, led by individuals such as Martin Luther King Jr. and Rosa Parks. Examples of laws that caused these extreme tensions in the country included the following: Marriage - "All marriages between a white person and a negro, or between a white person and a person of negro descent to the fourth generation inclusive, are hereby forever prohibited." Reasons for Jim Crow
Civil Rights Dictionary As of July 1, 2013 ThinkQuest has been discontinued. We would like to thank everyone for being a part of the ThinkQuest global community: Students - For your limitless creativity and innovation, which inspires us all. Teachers - For your passion in guiding students on their quest. Partners - For your unwavering support and evangelism. Parents - For supporting the use of technology not only as an instrument of learning, but as a means of creating knowledge. We encourage everyone to continue to “Think, Create and Collaborate,” unleashing the power of technology to teach, share, and inspire. Best wishes, The Oracle Education Foundation The Office of War Information Most images are digitized | All jpegs/tiffs display outside Library of Congress | View All The photographs in the Farm Security Administration/Office of War Information Photograph Collection form an extensive pictorial record of American life between 1935 and 1944. This U.S. government photography project was headed for most of its existence by Roy E. Stryker, who guided the effort in a succession of government agencies: the Resettlement Administration (1935-1937), the Farm Security Administration (1937-1942), and the Office of War Information (1942-1944). In total, the black-and-white portion of the collection consists of about 175,000 black-and-white film negatives, encompassing both negatives that were printed for FSA-OWI use and those that were not printed at the time. For a video overview of the collection, see "Documenting America, 1935-1943: The Farm Security Administration/Office of War Information Photo Collection." Research Tips
Challenging Jim Crow - AP U.S. History Topic Outlines - Study Notes Brown v. Board of Education In 1896, the Supreme Court upheld state racial segregation laws based on the "separate but equal" doctrine in Plessy v. Ferguson. During the next five decades, blacks and whites went to separate schools, ate at separate restaurants, rode on separate buses, and drank from separate water fountains. The first real challenge to the constitutionality of state segregation laws came in 1938 when a black student, Lloyd Gaines, was denied admission to the Missouri School of Law. As court rulings began to challenge school segregation, much of the American public, particularly residents of southern states, remained opposed to allowing black students into white schools. In 1953, President Dwight Eisenhower appointed Earl Warren to the Supreme Court. The case centered on Linda Brown, who lived with her family in Topeka, Kansas. Thurgood Marshall, the NAACP's legal director, argued before the Court on behalf of Brown. The resistance measures were effective. Civil Unrest
The Gettysburg Address Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation, so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate…we can not consecrate…we can not hallow this ground. Abraham Lincoln 19th November 1863 Speeches That Changed World