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Her Code Got Humans on the Moon—And Invented Software Itself

Her Code Got Humans on the Moon—And Invented Software Itself
Margaret Hamilton wasn’t supposed to invent the modern concept of software and land men on the moon. It was 1960, not a time when women were encouraged to seek out high-powered technical work. Hamilton, a 24-year-old with an undergrad degree in mathematics, had gotten a job as a programmer at MIT, and the plan was for her to support her husband through his three-year stint at Harvard Law. But the Apollo space program came along. As a working mother in the 1960s, Hamilton was unusual; but as a spaceship programmer, Hamilton was positively radical. “People used to say to me, ‘How can you leave your daughter? Then, as now, “the guys” dominated tech and engineering. ‘When I first got into it, nobody knew what it was that we were doing. As Hamilton’s career got under way, the software world was on the verge of a giant leap, thanks to the Apollo program launched by John F. Advertisement This became clear on July 20, 1969, just minutes before Apollo 11 touched down on the Sea of Tranquility. Related:  Space and NASATeach/ IdeasHow to be human- Examples

Scientist May Have Discovered Alternate Universes Typical English Food and also Welsh and Scottish too © Copyright Mandy Barrow 2013 Mandy is the creator of the Woodlands Resources section of the Woodlands Junior website. The two websites projectbritain.com and primaryhomeworkhelp.co.uk are the new homes for the Woodlands Resources. Mandy left Woodlands in 2003 to work in Kent schools as an ICT Consulatant. She now teaches computers at The Granville School and St. John's Primary School in Sevenoaks Kent. True Spies click 2x [SPATIAL] Les femmes et l’exploration spatiale 16 juin 1963. Il y a 50 ans, une femme a voyagé dans l’espace pour la première fois dans l’Histoire de l’Humanité. Valentina Terechkova avait 26 ans, elle était soviétique et elle reste la seule femme à ce jour à avoir effectué un vol spatial en solitaire. Elle est redescendue sur Terre le 19 juin après 48 orbites autour de la Terre en 70 heures et 41 minutes, soit plus d’heures de vol au compteur à elle seule que tous les astronautes américains réunis (à l’époque). Et elle reste également à ce jour la plus jeune personne à avoir voyagé dans l’espace. Mes respects les plus admiratifs, madame. Le « père de l’astronautique soviétique » pour une série de premières fois Mais comme un peu d’Histoire ne nuit jamais, remettons cet exploit dans son contexte… [Les dialogues en italiques qui vont suivre sortent de mon imagination délirante, délicatement agrémentés d'une louche de mauvaise foi et saupoudrés d'un second degré légèrement acide sur le retour.] Sergueï Korolev L'ISS en avril 2010. 1983 !

Is There Really an 'Autism Epidemic'? Trying to get the public to care about a cause can sometimes feel like trying to push molasses up a hill. While managing the challenges to communicate an issue’s urgency, sometimes we use language that, while it catches the public’s attention, obscures more than it reveals. Consider the Huffington Post’s recent headline, “The Autism Epidemic That Can No Longer Be Ignored.” The phrase “autism epidemic” is relatively common and usually refers to the increased rate of diagnosed cases of autism over recent decades. The website “Age of Autism” calls itself the “Daily News Website of the Autism Epidemic.” The numbers usually used to support the “epidemic” thesis are indeed shocking, at least at first. First, it’s important to note that while diagnosis of autism has been going up, diagnosis of “intellectual disability” has declined. More plausibly, some of the increase in diagnosis of autism comes from individuals who might have been simply diagnosed with intellectual disability previously.

All-Female Team Keeps Hunting African Poachers as Cecil Outrage Fades by Orion Jones After the killing of Cecil the lion garnered national media attention, Zimbabwe put a (very) temporary ban on lion, leopard, and elephant hunting. That ban is now lifted and much of the initial outrage — encapsulated by 3 million tweets and 3.6 million Facebook shares — seems to have faded just as quickly. Thankfully, anti-poaching teams in neighboring South Africa have a longer memory than American Internet trolls. The Black Mambas regularly face unpredictable safari animals and heavily armed poachers. The Black Mambas are stationed at Kruger Park, a massive natural reserve the size of the state of New Jersey. Rangers who protect and manage Kruger Park say the pilot program is an incontrovertible success. Image courtesy of iStock / Marie Holding

Some of the Apollo Missions High Resolution Film Scans U.S. probe into Georgia special ed program could have national impact The Justice Department has accused Georgia of segregating thousands of students with behavior-related disabilities, shunting them into a program that denies them access to their non-disabled peers and to extracurricular activities and other basic amenities, including gymnasiums, libraries and appropriately certified teachers. The department’s years-long inquiry into Georgia’s programs, and the pressure it is now putting on state officials to revamp the way they educate students with disabilities, have brought hope to advocates in the state who have long tried unsuccessfully for change. But the department’s legal tack in the Georgia case is a sign that it is expanding an important civil rights approach into the education arena, a move that is likely to have implications nationwide, experts say. Justice did not investigate Georgia’s lapses under the nation’s main law for protecting the interests of special education students — the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, or IDEA.

How a Musician Unraveled the Secrets of Whale Song Whale songs are some of the most hauntingly beautiful and bizarre noises in the world. But if it hadn’t been for acoustic biologist Katy Payne, we’d probably still be dismissing them as mere sounds — like the noises our own cats and dogs make when they’re hungry, frightened, interested, or affectionate. Payne, however, realized that whales are actually composing songs, not just making noise under the sea, and moreover, she found that over time, whales change their tune. Payne’s discoveries, and ongoing research into the subject, reveal the value of cross-disciplinary collaborations. Her research helped to improve our understanding of whales and the way they interact with each other. Payne’s sharp ear for music didn’t stop with whales. Sometimes, a degree in one subject leads you in an unexpected direction.

Universe's Ordinary Matter Detailed in New Study Dec 03, 2015 10:14 AM EST By Russell Westerholm, UniversityHerald Reporter (r.westerholm@universityherald.com) Whereas the universe is made up mostly of dark matter, which is only detectable when it interacts with other objects, another material ever-present is ordinary matter. Like Us on Facebook Advertisement Published in the journal Nature, the new study detailed how ordinary matter makes up less than five percent of the universe, though it is the only matter we know on Earth. "Now we must verify that the discovery of Abell 2744's missing baryons is applicable to the entire universe. Abell 2744 is a galaxy cluster in which scientists have detected matter both dark and luminous at its center. "Large-scale galaxy surveys have shown that the distribution of ordinary matter in the Universe is not homogeneous. © 2015 University Daily News, All rights reserved.

Websites That Make You Smarter Meet Margaret Hamilton, the badass '60s programmer who saved the moon landing Happy moon landing day! July 20, 2015 marks the 46th anniversary of Apollo 11's arrival on the moon. The lunar lander holding Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin touched down at 4:18 PM eastern, and Armstrong became the first human in history to walk on the lunar surface at 10:56 PM. Huge amounts of aeronautical and hardware engineering effort went into the Apollo program from its birth in 1961 to its completion in 1972, as NASA and its partners designed the Saturn V rocket to get astronauts out of Earth's orbit, the command/service modules that orbited the moon, and the lunar modules that actually landed on the moon. But Apollo was also a major software project. The software for the guidance computer was written by a team at the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory (now the Draper Laboratory), headed up by Margaret Hamilton. NASA, via Steve Milan "In this picture, I am standing next to listings of the actual Apollo Guidance Computer (AGC) source code," Hamilton says in an email.

Blood Moon Tunes: Music to Make Your 'Supermoon' Lunar Eclipse Rock As you settle in Sunday night (Sept. 27) to watch the supermoon lunar eclipse, kick back with some moon tunes as chosen by Space.com's staff. The moon has always fascinated humans, ever present and ever changing in the sky, and that fascination has inspired countless moon-based melodies. A full moon can mean romance or chaos and disaster; a thin silver sliver spells mystery, changeability or tranquility. Listen below to some moon favorites: NASA has contemplated the moon in song as well: Steven Williams from NASA's Planetary Science Division pulled together an infographic and long list of moon-inspired refrains. The infographic pulls out classic moon tunes, songs about the Apollo moon missions, and even songs for a rainbow of multicolored moons (from "Red Moon" by The Walkmen down to "Kiko and the Lavender Moon" by Los Lobos). To prepare for Sunday's eclipse, check out Space.com's viewing guide or catch up on the science behind it.

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