Productivity Increasing national productivity can raise living standards because more real income improves people's ability to purchase goods and services, enjoy leisure, improve housing and education and contribute to social and environmental programs. Productivity growth also helps businesses to be more profitable.[1] Characteristics of production[edit] Economic well-being is created in a production process, meaning all economic activities that aim directly or indirectly to satisfy human needs. The degree to which the needs are satisfied is often accepted as a measure of economic well-being. The satisfaction of needs originates from the use of the commodities which are produced. Economic well-being also increases due to the growth of incomes that are gained from the growing and more efficient production. Main processes of a producing company[edit] Main processes of a producing company (Saari 2006,3) real process.income distribution processproduction process.monetary process.market value process.
untitled Wikipedia is a free encyclopedia, collaboratively being constructed at the web site using the Wiki metaphor. There are four main differences between Wikipedia and E2: Editing: Nobody owns a node; (almost) everything can be edited by anybody, even without logging in. History The project was started in January 2001 by Larry Sanger, a philosophy Ph.D., and Jimbo Wales, an internet entrepreneur. The most important early actions by Sanger were the formulation and enforcement of the NPOV policy, setting up the site's general link structure, and the weeding out of non-encyclopedic materials. In 2001, RMS endorsed Wikipedia as the embodiment of GNUpedia, a project of constructing a free encyclopedia and learning resource which he had envisioned earlier. Many hundred writers contribute on a regular basis. Occasionally, obnoxious users ("vandals") have to be banned from the site. As of August 2005, Wikipedia contained more than 700,000 genuine encyclopedia articles.
Systems analysis Systems analysis is the study of sets of interacting entities, including computer systems analysis. This field is closely related to requirements analysis or operations research. It is also "an explicit formal inquiry carried out to help someone (referred to as the decision maker) identify a better course of action and make a better decision than he might otherwise have made."[1] Overview[edit] The terms analysis and synthesis come from Greek where they mean respectively "to take apart" and "to put together". Information technology[edit] The development of a computer-based information system includes a systems analysis phase which produces or enhances the data model which itself is a precursor to creating or enhancing a database (see Christopher J. Another view outlines a phased approach to the process. Scope DefinitionProblem analysisRequirements analysisLogical designDecision analysis Practitioners[edit] See also[edit] References[edit] External links[edit]
Actor model History[edit] Major software implementation work was done by Russ Atkinson, Giuseppe Attardi, Henry Baker, Gerry Barber, Peter Bishop, Peter de Jong, Ken Kahn, Henry Lieberman, Carl Manning, Tom Reinhardt, Richard Steiger and Dan Theriault in the Message Passing Semantics Group at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Research groups led by Chuck Seitz at California Institute of Technology (Caltech) and Bill Dally at MIT constructed computer architectures that further developed the message passing in the model. Research on the Actor model has been carried out at California Institute of Technology, Kyoto University Tokoro Laboratory, MCC, MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, SRI, Stanford University, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign,[6] Pierre and Marie Curie University (University of Paris 6), University of Pisa, University of Tokyo Yonezawa Laboratory and elsewhere. Fundamental concepts[edit] The Actor model adopts the philosophy that everything is an actor.
Strategy Strategy (Greek "στρατηγία"—stratēgia, "art of troop leader; office of general, command, generalship"[1]) is a high level plan to achieve one or more goals under conditions of uncertainty. Strategy is important because the resources available to achieve these goals are usually limited. Henry Mintzberg from McGill University defined strategy as "a pattern in a stream of decisions" to contrast with a view of strategy as planning,[2] while Max McKeown (2011) argues that "strategy is about shaping the future" and is the human attempt to get to "desirable ends with available means". Management theory[edit] Alfred Chandler wrote in 1962 that: "Strategy is the determination of the basic long-term goals of an enterprise, and the adoption of courses of action and the allocation of resources necessary for carrying out these goals Henry Mintzberg described five definitions of strategy in 1998: Military theory[edit] Strategies in game theory[edit] See also[edit] References[edit] Further reading[edit]
Petri net A Petri net (also known as a place/transition net or P/T net) is one of several mathematical modeling languages for the description of distributed systems. A Petri net is a directed bipartite graph, in which the nodes represent transitions (i.e. events that may occur, signified by bars) and places (i.e. conditions, signified by circles). The directed arcs describe which places are pre- and/or postconditions for which transitions (signified by arrows). Some sources[1] state that Petri nets were invented in August 1939 by Carl Adam Petri — at the age of 13 — for the purpose of describing chemical processes. Like industry standards such as UML activity diagrams, BPMN and EPCs, Petri nets offer a graphical notation for stepwise processes that include choice, iteration, and concurrent execution. (a) Petri net trajectory example Petri net basics[edit] A Petri net consists of places, transitions, and arcs. Graphically, places in a Petri net may contain a discrete number of marks called tokens.
Military tactics Military tactics can be described as the science and art of organizing a military force, and the techniques for using weapons or military units in combination for engaging and defeating an enemy in battle.[1] Changes in philosophy and technology over time have been reflected in changes to military tactics. In current military thought, tactics are the lowest of three planning levels. The highest tier of planning is the strategy, which is about how force is translated into political objectives, or more specifically how you bridge the means and ends of war together. An intermediate level, which converts strategy into tactics is the operational level that deals with formations of units. Concept[edit] See also[edit] List of military tactics References[edit] Notes[edit] Bibliography[edit] Johnson, Rob, Michael Whitby, John France (2010). External links[edit]
Smart Mobs: Jimbo (Wikipedia) Wales calls for Wiki Politics Think-Know Tools is an extension for the Introduction to Mind-Amplifiers course. It covers subjects like intellect augmentation, personal knowledge management, mind-amplifying devices, self-evolving collective intelligence networks, knowledge technologies. It involves new unconventional teaching and learning methods like asynchronous forums, blogs, wikis, mindmaps, social bookmarks, concept maps, Personal Brain, and synchronous audio, video, chat, and Twitter. The duration of the course is 6 weeks between October 17 and November 30, along 6 weekly modules, as follows: Module 1: Roots & Visions of AugmentationModule 2: Social Bookmarking as Collective IntelligenceModule 3: Concept MappingModule 4: Personal Knowledge ManagementModule 5: The Extended MindModule 6: Self-Organized Co-Learning Important note about participation If you’re interested in registering for this course, you should know that the course is collaborative and participative, not a passive enjoyment of online lectures.
Scientific management Frederick Taylor (1856-1915), lead developer of scientific management Scientific management, also called Taylorism,[1] was a theory of management that analyzed and synthesized workflows. Its main objective was improving economic efficiency, especially labor productivity. It was one of the earliest attempts to apply science to the engineering of processes and to management. History[edit] Its development began with Frederick Winslow Taylor in the 1880s and 1890s within the manufacturing industries. Although scientific management as a distinct theory or school of thought was obsolete by the 1930s, most of its themes are still important parts of industrial engineering and management today. Scientific management's application was contingent on a high level of managerial control over employee work practices. The field comprised the work of Taylor; his disciples (such as Henry Gantt); other engineers and managers (such as Benjamin S. Larger theme of economic efficiency[edit] Soldiering[edit]
Social organism In sociology, the social organism is theoretical concept in which a society or social structure is viewed as a “living organism.” From this perspective, typically, the relation of social features, e.g. law, family, crime, etc., are examined as they interact with other features of society to meet social needs. All elements of a society or social organism have a function that maintains the stability and cohesiveness of the organism. History[edit] The model or concept of society as an organism was developed in the late 19th century by Émile Durkheim, a French sociologist. According to Durkheim, the more specialized the function of an organism or society the greater its development, and vice-versa. References[edit] MacLay, George R. (1990). External links[edit]
Line officer Officers who are not line officers are those whose primary duties are in non-combat specialties including chaplains, attorneys (only Army and Navy), supply and medical services. The distinction between line and non-line officers often blur; line officers may be assigned non-combat roles, and non-line officers are often assigned to tasks normally performed by line officers. Also, non-line officers at the squadron or Group level (and higher) are also issued "G-Series" orders which gives them the same relative power of 'line officers' of equivalent rank. See explanation of staff and line. History[edit] The expression "officer of the line" is possibly rooted in the 18th- and 19th-century Royal Navy practice of employing sail-powered warships in line formations to maximize the effectiveness of side-mounted cannons. United States forces[edit] [edit] In the United States Navy, line officers are divided into unrestricted line officers and restricted line officers. United States Marine Corps[edit]
Ross Mayfields Weblog: Heavy Lifting One interesting Wikimania session by Seth Anthony presented some research on contribution patterns. My notes: Only 10% of edits are high content edits. 30% of those are anonymous, none are by admins, 52% are by someone with a userpage, none have a barnstar. The people who are creating content are relatively new, not versed in style guides and bureaucracy. Their use of Wikipedia speeds up a little bit through use, but not much. In other words, the core community within the Power Law of Participation, the 500 people that do 50% of the edits, or 0.5% of the registered population -- does the heavy lifting for subject experts. I should highlight, as with most things, Wikipedia is an exception for wiki communities.