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We are all familiar with what a computer is in a specific, contemporary sense. Personal computers are found in most aspects of daily life, and for some it is hard to even imagine a world without them. But the term computer means more than simply the Macs and PCs we are familiar with. A computer is, at its most basic, a machine which can take instructions, and perform computations based on those instructions. It is the ability to take instructions — often known as programs in the parlance of computers — and execute them, that distinguishes a computer from a mechanical calculator. http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-computer.htm

What Is a Computer?

Computer Software

What most people think of as a computer can actually be divided into two parts. The first part, computer hardware, does all of the physical work computers are known for. The second part, computer software, tells the hardware what to do and how to do it. If you were to think of a computer as a living being, then the hardware would be the body that does things like seeing with eyes, lifting objects, and filling the lungs with air; the software would be the intelligence, interpreting the images that come through the eyes, telling the arms how to lift objects, and forcing the body to fill the lungs with air. Computer hardware, being part of a machine, can only understand two basic concepts: on and off. http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-computer-software.htm
http://www.kernelthread.com/publications/appleoshistory/ Mac OS X is a unique operating system in that it represents a rather successful coming together of paradigms, ideologies, and technologies that have usually resisted each other in the past. It is a result of the trials and tribulations of Apple and NeXT, as well as their user and developer communities. Mac OS X is perhaps one of the best examples of how a capable system can result through the direct or indirect efforts of corporations, academic and research communities, the Open Source and Free Software movements, and even individuals.

History of Apple's OSes

History of Windows

http://windows.microsoft.com/en-US/windows/history Get to know Windows | Photos & videos | TV & movies | Music | Games | Email & chat | Productivity | PC health | Home networking | Work from anywhere | Windows Media Center | Windows Media Player | Windows Home Server | Microsoft Security Essentials | Windows Community | Windows Accessibility | On November 20, 1985, two years after the initial announcement, Microsoft ships Windows 1.0 .
The UNIX * operating system was designed to let a number of programmers access the computer at the same time and share its resources. The operating system coordinates the use of the computer's resources, allowing one person, for example, to run a spell check program while another creates a document, lets another edit a document while another creates graphics, and lets another user format a document -- all at the same time, with each user oblivious to the activities of the others. The operating system controls all of the commands from all of the keyboards and all of the data being generated, and permits each user to believe he or she is the only person working on the computer. This real-time sharing of resources make UNIX one of the most powerful operating systems ever. Although UNIX was developed by programmers for programmers, it provides an environment so powerful and flexible that it is found in businesses, sciences, academia, and industry. http://www.bell-labs.com/history/unix/tutorial.html

Unix Overview

What is Linux? Linux is, in simplest terms, an operating system. It is the software on a computer that enables applications and the computer operator to access the devices on the computer to perform desired functions. The operating system (OS) relays instructions from an application to, for instance, the computer's processor. The processor performs the instructed task, then sends the results back to the application via the operating system. Explained in these terms, Linux is very similar to other operating systems, such as Windows and OS X. https://www.linux.com/learn/resource-center/376-linux-is-everywhere-an-overview-of-the-linux-operating-system

Linux Overview

https://netfiles.uiuc.edu/rhasan/linux/ It was 1991, and the ruthless agonies of the cold war were gradually coming to an end. There was an air of peace and tranquility that prevailed in the horizon. In the field of computing, a great future seemed to be in the offing, as powerful hardware pushed the limits of the computers beyond what anyone expected.

History of Linux

Ubuntu Linux is one of a number of different flavors of the Linux operating system. The various different brands of Linux are generally known as Linux Distributions (usually shortened to Linux Distros by Linux experts). In terms of the history of Linux, Ubuntu is something of a newcomer. In the relatively short period of time that it has been available, however, Ubuntu has rapidly gained the respect of both experienced and novice Linux users throughout the world. Linux is an operating system in much the same way that Windows is an operating system (and there any similarities between Linux and Windows end). The term operating system is used to describe the software which acts as a layer between the hardware in a computer and the applications that we all run on a daily basis. http://www.techotopia.com/index.php/The_History_of_Ubuntu_Linux

Ubuntu History

http://www.chromium.org/chromium-os Chromium OS is an open-source project that aims to build an operating system that provides a fast, simple, and more secure computing experience for people who spend most of their time on the web. Here you can review the project's design docs, obtain the source code, and contribute. To learn more about the project goals, read the announcement blog post .

Chromium OS

What are viruses?

http://www.missionislam.com/webnetwork/viruses.htm Computer viruses are a fact of modern, internet-connected life. At best, they're annoying performance sucking beasts, but at worst ... kiss all your data good bye. Here we have included some information which we help you to understand why anti virus software is a MUST for your computer and how you can save yourself time, heartache and money....... and well, anti virus software is available online FREE... so what excuse do you have ?
If you connect to the Internet, allow other people to use your computer, or share files with others, you should take steps to protect your computer from harm. Why? Because there are computer criminals (sometimes called hackers ) who attack other people's computers. These people can attack directly, by breaking into your computer through the Internet and stealing your personal information, or indirectly, by creating malicious software to harm your computer. Fortunately, you can help protect yourself by taking a few simple precautions. This article describes the threats and what you can do to defend against them.

Spyware & Adware?

Malware is not going away any time soon. Malware is growing, developing, constantly evolving. Malware is becoming more difficult to detect, and even harder to remove. Only the most sophisticated anti-malware techniques can detect and remove malicious programs from your computer.

Anti-Malware: Malwarebytes

Previous betas were dedicated to getting feedback for ‘Live Protection’; this version does not have ‘Live Protection’ in order to get feedback on the other components independent of the ‘Live Protection’. Would you like to test the new beta version? Download it here: [Mirror 1] [Mirror 2] [Mirror 3] [Torrent] (File size: 44 MB, MD5 sum: 2F3C846D6C04979942A2884E2A21A3E5)

Spybot S&D

Computer History

This timeline explores the history of computing from 1939 to 1994. Each year features illustrated descriptions of significant innovations in hardware and software technology, as well as milestones in areas such as commercial applications and artificial intelligence. When appropriate, biographical sketches of the pioneers responsible for the advances are included. Across the top of this and every timeline is a graphic with the years from 1939 to 1994 displayed as well as seven topical areas. Clicking on any of these will take you to a page of historic information containing photos and descriptive text for that year or topic. The timeline can either be browsed using the links above (and appropriate Previous/Next and More links on each page) or searched for specific events.