◥ University. {q} PhD. {t} Themes. {t} PM.
▱ PM Today. ↂ Mind Tools. ☢️ Agile. Kanban. Kanban became an effective tool in support of running a production system as a whole, and it proved to be an excellent way for promoting improvement. Problem areas were highlighted by reducing the number of kanban in circulation. [clarification needed].[4] One of the main benefits of Kanban is to establish an upper limit to the work in progress inventory, avoiding overloading of the manufacturing system. Other systems with similar effect are for example CONWIP.[5] Origins[edit] In the late 1940s, Toyota started studying supermarkets with the idea of applying store and shelf-stocking techniques to the factory floor. Kanban aligns inventory levels with actual consumption; a signal is sent to produce and deliver a new shipment when material is consumed.
Kanban uses the rate of demand to control the rate of production, passing demand from the end customer up through the chain of customer-store processes. Operation[edit] Toyota's Six Rules [8] Kanban cards[edit] Three-bin system[edit] Kanban Coaching Exchange: The People Path. Project. In contemporary business and science a project is defined as a collaborative enterprise, involving research or design, that is carefully planned to achieve a particular aim.[1] Overview[edit] The word project comes from the Latin word projectum from the Latin verb proicere, "before an action" which in turn comes from pro-, which denotes precedence, something that comes before something else in time (paralleling the Greek πρό) and iacere, "to do". The word "project" thus actually originally meant "before an action". When the English language initially adopted the word, it referred to a plan of something, not to the act of actually carrying this plan out.
Something performed in accordance with a project became known as an "object". Specific uses[edit] School and university[edit] Engineering project[edit] Project management[edit] Project objectives define target status at the end of the project, reaching of which is considered necessary for the achievement of planned benefits. See also[edit] Project management. The objective of project management is to produce a complete project which complies with the client's objectives. In many cases the objective of project management is also to shape or reform the client's brief to feasibly address the client's objectives. Once the client's objectives are clearly established they should influence all decisions made by other people involved in the project – for example project managers, designers, contractors and sub-contractors.
Ill-defined or too tightly prescribed project management objectives are detrimental to decision making. History[edit] Henry Gantt (1861–1919), the father of planning and control techniques PERT and CPM are very similar in their approach but still present some differences. In 1969, the Project Management Institute (PMI) was formed in the USA.[15] PMI publishes A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide), which describes project management practices that are common to "most projects, most of the time. " Project management triangle. The Project Management Triangle The Project Management Triangle (called also Triple Constraint or the Iron Triangle) is a model of the constraints of project management. It is a graphic aid where the three attributes show on the corners of the triangle to show opposition. It is useful to help with intentionally choosing project biases, or analyzing the goals of a project.[1] It is used to illustrate that project management success is measured by the project team's ability to manage the project, so that the expected results are produced while managing time and cost.[2][3][4] Overview[edit] The time constraint refers to the amount of time available to complete a project.
The cost constraint refers to the budgeted amount available for the project. The scope constraint refers to what must be done to produce the project's end result. Another approach to project management is to consider the three constraints as finance, time and human resources. James P. Example[edit] Time[edit] Cost[edit] Scope (project management) In project management, the term scope has two distinct uses- Project Scope and Product Scope. Scope involves getting information required to start a project, and the features the product would have that would meet its stakeholders requirements. Project Scope "The work that needs to be accomplished to deliver a product, service, or result with the specified features and functions.
"[1] Product Scope "The features and functions that characterize a product, service, or result Notice that Project Scope is more work-oriented, (the hows,) while Product Scope is more oriented toward functional requirements. If requirements are not completely defined and described and if there is no effective change control in a project, scope or requirement creep may ensue.
Scope creep management is important for effective project management. Business scope creep occurs when decisions that are made with reference to a project are designed to solve or meet the requirements and needs of the business. Scope statement. Scope statements may take many forms depending on the type of project being implemented and the nature of the organization. The scope statement details the project deliverables and describes the major objectives. The objectives should include measurable success criteria for the project. A scope statement should be written before the statement of work and it should capture, in very broad terms, the product of the project, for example, "developing a software based system to capture and track orders for software. " A scope statement should also include the list of users using the product, as well as the features in the resulting product.[1] As a baseline scope statements should contain: In more project oriented organizations the scope statement may also contain these and other sections: Project scope management planApproved change requestsProject assumptions and risksProject acceptance criteriaJump up ^ Nielsen, David How to Write the Project Statement of Work (SOW) – Retrieved March 22, 2010.
Constraint. A constraint is something that plays the part of a physical, social or financial restriction. It is a derived form of the intransitive verb form constrained. Constraint may refer to: Theory of Constraints, in business managementLoading gauge or structure gauge (constraints in engineering)A constraint on constrained writing, in literature For example, Oulipian constraints In mathematics[edit] In computing[edit] In linguistics[edit] Optimality Theory, a constraint-based theory which is primarily influential in phonology In business[edit] Constraint optimization, in finance, linear programming, economics and cost modeling. See also[edit] The Project Life Cycle. Productivity. Increasing national productivity can raise living standards because more real income improves people's ability to purchase goods and services, enjoy leisure, improve housing and education and contribute to social and environmental programs.
Productivity growth also helps businesses to be more profitable.[1] Characteristics of production[edit] Economic well-being is created in a production process, meaning all economic activities that aim directly or indirectly to satisfy human needs. The degree to which the needs are satisfied is often accepted as a measure of economic well-being. The satisfaction of needs originates from the use of the commodities which are produced.
Economic well-being also increases due to the growth of incomes that are gained from the growing and more efficient production. Main processes of a producing company[edit] Main processes of a producing company (Saari 2006,3) real process.income distribution processproduction process.monetary process.market value process. Workforce productivity. Labour productivity US, Japan, Germany The OECD defines it as "the ratio of a volume measure of output to a volume measure of input".[1] Volume measures of output are normally gross domestic product (GDP) or gross value added (GVA), expressed at constant prices i.e. adjusted for inflation. The three most commonly used measures of input are: hours worked;workforce jobs; andnumber of people in employment.
Measurement[edit] Workforce productivity can be measured in 2 ways, in physical terms or in price terms. the intensity of labour-effort, and the quality of labour effort generally.the creative activity involved in producing technical innovations.the relative efficiency gains resulting from different systems of management, organization, co-ordination or engineering.the productive effects of some forms of labour on other forms of labour. These aspects of productivity refer to the qualitative dimensions of labour input. Factors affecting labour productivity[edit] Positive feedback[edit]
ILM: Unit 1. Basecamp 3: Manage projects, groups, and client work.
Ⓜ️ [PJ] [PJ] MIT CCI. [PJ] Malone. [PJ] Moffett. ✏️ BRAIN. ✏️ Citizen F' ✏️ VMT.