By Christopher Barnatt. Ribosome. Figure 1 : The ribosome assembles polymericproteinmolecules whose sequence is controlled by the sequence of messenger RNA molecules. This is required by all living cells and associated viruses. The sequence of DNA encoding for a protein may be copied many times into messenger RNA (mRNA) chains of a similar sequence. Ribosomes can bind to an mRNA chain and use it as a template for determining the correct sequence of amino acids in a particular protein. Amino acids are selected, collected and carried to the ribosome by transfer RNA (tRNA molecules), which enter one part of the ribosome and bind to the messenger RNA chain. The attached amino acids are then linked together by another part of the ribosome.
Once the protein is produced, it can then 'fold' to produce a specific functional three-dimensional structure. A ribosome is made from complexes of RNAs and proteins and is therefore a ribonucleoprotein. Discovery[edit] Structure[edit] High-resolution structure[edit] Function[edit] Von Neumann universal constructor. The first implementation of von Neumann's self-reproducing universal constructor.[1] Three generations of machine are shown: the second has nearly finished constructing the third.
The lines running to the right are the tapes of genetic instructions, which are copied along with the body of the machines. The machine shown runs in a 32-state version of von Neumann's cellular automata environment, not his original 29-state specification. John von Neumann's Universal Constructor is a self-replicating machine in a cellular automata (CA) environment. It was designed in the 1940s, without the use of a computer. The fundamental details of the machine were published in von Neumann's book Theory of Self-Reproducing Automata, completed in 1966 by Arthur W.
Von Neumann's specification defined the machine as using 29 states, these states constituting means of signal carriage and logical operation, and acting upon signals represented as bit streams. Purpose[edit] Implementation[edit] In 2004, D. C. Central dogma of molecular biology. Information flow in biological systems The central dogma of molecular biology deals with the detailed residue-by-residue transfer of sequential information. It states that such information cannot be transferred back from protein to either protein or nucleic acid.
This has also been described as "DNA makes RNA makes protein. "[3] However, this simplification does not make it clear that the central dogma as stated by Crick does not preclude the reverse flow of information from RNA to DNA, but only the reverse flow from protein to RNA or DNA. Crick had misapplied the term "dogma" and Crick's proposal had nothing to do with the linguist meaning of "dogma". He subsequently documented this error in his autobiography. Biological sequence information[edit] General transfers of biological sequential information[edit] DNA replication[edit] As the first step in the central dogma, DNA replication must occur in order to faithfully transmit genetic material to the progeny of any cell or organism. James A. Personal Nanofactories (PNs) These pages, marked with GREEN headings, are published for comment and criticism.
These are not our final findings; some of these opinions will probably change. LOG OF UPDATES CRN Research: Overview of Current Findings Personal Nanofactories (PNs) NOTE: This page is a summary of, and permanent link to, a CRN authored paper originally published in the peer-reviewed Journal of Evolution and Technology. Overview: A key area of study for CRN is the question of how quickly nanofactory technology will develop. DEVIL'S ADVOCATE — Submit your criticism, please! (Sorry, no one has complained about this page yet, and we couldn't think of anything to write. Next Page: Products of Molecular Nanotechnology Previous Page: Timeline for Molecular Nanotechnology Title Page: Current Results — Overview. Anthony Atala. Anthony Atala, M.D., is the W.H. Boyce Professor and Director of the Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, and Chair of the Department of Urology at Wake Forest School of Medicine in North Carolina.[1] Regenerative medicine is "a practice that aims to refurbish diseased or damaged tissue using the body's own healthy cells.
" [1] Biography[edit] Atala was born in Peru in 1958,[2] grew up in Coral Gables, Florida.[1] Atala attended the University of Miami and has an undergraduate degree in Psychology.[2] He went to medical school at the University of Louisville where he also completed his residency in urology. He was a fellow at the Harvard Medical School affiliated Children's Hospital Boston from 1990-1992 where he trained under world renowned pediatric urologic surgeons Alan Retik and Hardy Hendren. Aside from his groundbreaking research, Atala also tends to clinical and administrative responsibilities. "They are easier to grow than human embryonic stem cells. References[edit]