List of fallacies. A fallacy is incorrect argument in logic and rhetoric resulting in a lack of validity, or more generally, a lack of soundness.
Fallacies are either formal fallacies or informal fallacies. Formal fallacies[edit] Main article: Formal fallacy Appeal to probability – is a statement that takes something for granted because it would probably be the case (or might be the case).[2][3]Argument from fallacy – assumes that if an argument for some conclusion is fallacious, then the conclusion is false.Base rate fallacy – making a probability judgment based on conditional probabilities, without taking into account the effect of prior probabilities.[5]Conjunction fallacy – assumption that an outcome simultaneously satisfying multiple conditions is more probable than an outcome satisfying a single one of them.[6]Masked man fallacy (illicit substitution of identicals) – the substitution of identical designators in a true statement can lead to a false one.
Appeal to ridicule. Ad hominem. An ad hominem (Latin for "to the man" or "to the person"[1]), short for argumentum ad hominem, is a general category of fallacies in which a claim or argument is rejected on the basis of some irrelevant fact about the author of or the person presenting the claim or argument.[2] Fallacious Ad hominem reasoning is normally categorized as an informal fallacy,[3][4][5] more precisely as a genetic fallacy,[6] a subcategory of fallacies of irrelevance.[7] Ad hominem reasoning is not always fallacious, for example, when it relates to the credibility of statements of fact.
Ad hominem arguments are the converse of appeals to authority, and may be used in response to such appeals. Ad hominem as it is discussed in this article refers to the logical fallacy argumentum ad hominem, and not to the literal Latin phrase ad hominem. Types Abusive. Argumentum ad populum. "Ad populum" redirects here.
For the Catholic liturgical term, see Versus populum. In argumentation theory, an argumentum ad populum (Latin for "appeal to the people") is a fallacious argument that concludes that a proposition is true because many or most people believe it: "If many believe so, it is so. " This type of argument is known by several names,[1] including appeal to the masses, appeal to belief, appeal to the majority, appeal to democracy, appeal to popularity, argument by consensus, consensus fallacy, authority of the many, and bandwagon fallacy (also known as a vox populi),[2] and in Latin as argumentum ad numerum ("appeal to the number"), and consensus gentium ("agreement of the clans").
It is also the basis of a number of social phenomena, including communal reinforcement and the bandwagon effect. The Chinese proverb "three men make a tiger" concerns the same idea. Appeal to motive. Appeal to motive is a pattern of argument which consists in challenging a thesis by calling into question the motives of its proposer. It can be considered as a special case of the ad hominem circumstantial argument. As such, this type of argument may be an informal fallacy. A common feature of appeals to motive is that only the possibility of a motive (however small) is shown, without showing the motive actually existed or, if the motive did exist, that the motive played a role in forming the argument and its conclusion. Indeed, it is often assumed that the mere possibility of motive is evidence enough.
Examples[edit] "That website recommended ACME's widget over Megacorp's widget. See also[edit] References[edit] Appeal to tradition. Appeal to tradition (also known as argumentum ad antiquitatem,[1] appeal to antiquity, or appeal to common practice) is a common fallacy in which a thesis is deemed correct on the basis that it correlates with some past or present tradition.
The appeal takes the form of "this is right because we've always done it this way. "[2] An appeal to tradition essentially makes two assumptions that are not necessarily true: The old way of thinking was proven correct when introduced, i.e. since the old way of thinking was prevalent, it was necessarily correct. Video game industry to hit $70 billion by 2015, but growth will. The worldwide video game industry is poised to reach $70.1 billion by 2015, thanks to the combined growth of console, portable, PC, and online video games, according to market researcher DFC Intelligence.
DFC is one of the few market researchers that tries to gather data on a worldwide basis. It estimates that games were a $60.4 billion business in 2009. So, over five years, the game industry will grow just 16 percent. That’s not exactly a staggering figure, but we are dealing with the law of large numbers here. On top of that, pricing is dropping for games as consumers embrace free business models. Global games industry sales $68.3 billion by 2012, says report. According to an upcoming PricewaterhouseCoopers report, the videogame industry is expected to reach USD 68.3 billion in global sales by 2012 - a compound annual growth rate of 10.3 per cent.
Details from the report - entitled "Global Entertainment and Media Outlook: 2008-2012" - were provided by The Hollywood Reporter. According to the report, the largest category - console games - will grow by 6.9 per cent annually, from USD 24.9 billion last year to USD 34.7 billion in 2012. Online and wireless games will experience the fastest rate of growth, at 16.9 per cent and 19 per cent, respectively. The report expects online sales to reach USD 14.4 billion in 2012, with wireless sales reaching USD 13.5 billion. The videogame advertising sector, meanwhile, will grow from USD 1 billion in 2007 to USD 2.3 billion in 2012 - a 16.7 per cent annual growth rate. Help - MochiGames (MochiCoins) In-game advertising. In-game advertising (IGA) refers to advertising in computer and video games.
IGA differs from advergaming, which refers to a game specifically made to advertise a product.[1] The IGA industry is large and growing. In 2009, spending on IGA was estimated to reach $699 million USD and is anticipated to grow to $1 billion by 2014.[2][3] Static in-game advertising[edit] Similar to product placement in the film industry, static IGAs cannot be changed after they are programmed directly into the game (unless it's completely online). IGA Worldwide - About Us - Who We Are. Google. More Information about the acquisition: Frequently asked questions Background Q. What is Adscape Media? A. Q. A. Q. A. Mochi Advertisers Center.